About umayyad dynasty1:where did this dynasty rule? any famous mountains rivers? valleys locatedin that area?2:what was the religion of these people? what were their places of worshipcalled?3:what kind of art, scientific discoveries, inventions, iterature were theyfamous for?4:what were the names of the rulers? were there many people? what wastheir form of rule called? for how long and they rule?5:did the people in that time trade with other countries? did they pay tres?6:how did people in their reign interact with each other? were their socialclasses? what were their values?
Answers
Answer:
The Umayyad Caliphate (661–750 CE; UK: /ʊˈmaɪjæd, uːˈ-/,[3] US: /uːˈmaɪ(j)əd, -aɪæd/;[4][5][6] Arabic: ٱلْخِلَافَة ٱلْأُمَوِيَّة, romanized: al-Khilāfah al-ʾUmawīyah)[7] was the second of the four major caliphates established after the death of Muhammad. The caliphate was ruled by the Umayyad dynasty (Arabic: ٱلْأُمَوِيُّون, al-ʾUmawīyūn, or بَنُو أُمَيَّة, Banū ʾUmayyah, "Sons of Umayyah"). The third Caliph, Uthman ibn Affan (r. 644–656), was a member of the Umayyad clan. The family established dynastic, hereditary rule with Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan, long-time governor of Syria, who became the sixth Caliph after the end of the First Muslim Civil War in 661. After Mu'awiyah's death in 680, conflicts over the succession resulted in a Second Civil War[8] and power eventually fell into the hands of Marwan I from another branch of the clan. Syria remained the Umayyads' main power base thereafter, and Damascus was their capital.
The Umayyads continued the Muslim conquests, incorporating the Transoxiana, Sindh, the Maghreb and the Iberian Peninsula (Al-Andalus) into the Muslim world. At its greatest extent, the Umayyad Caliphate covered 15,650,000 km2 (6,000,000 sq mi)[1] and 22 million people,[9][10] making it one of the largest empires in history in both area and proportion of the world's population. The dynasty was eventually overthrown by a rebellion led by the Abbasids in 750. Survivors of the dynasty established themselves in Cordoba which, in the form of an Emirate and then a Caliphate, became a world centre[11][12] of science, medicine, philosophy and invention, ushering in the period of the Golden Age of Islam.
The Umayyad caliphate ruled over a vast multiethnic and multicultural population. Christians, who still constituted a majority of the Caliphate's population, and Jews were allowed to practice their own religion but had to pay a head tax (the jizya) from which Muslims were exempt.[13] There was, however, the Muslim-only zakat tax, which was earmarked explicitly for various welfare programmes.[13][14] Prominent positions were held by Christians, some of whom belonged to families that had served in Byzantine governments. The employment of Christians was part of a broader policy of religious accommodation that was necessitated by the presence of large Christian populations in the conquered provinces, as in Syria. This policy also boosted Muawiya's popularity and solidified Syria as his power base.[