Question

Accessory respiratory organs invertebrates include:

Answer 1

In vertebrates the skin may be respiratory (e.g., anurans), while in some fishes and aquatic turtles, the vascular rectum or cloaca is respiratory. But there are two main types of respiratory organs- gills for aquatic respiration and lungs for aerial respiration. Both gills and lungs may occur in the same animal.

Accessory respiratory organs are also present in some vertebrates. In both kinds of respiration two conditions are essential; firstly the respiratory organs must have a rich blood supply with very thin moist epithelium covering the blood vessels so that these blood vessels are through into close contact with the environment (water or air).

Secondly in the organs of respiration the blood vessels should be reduced to thin capillaries which expose a large surface area to the environment, so that blood is brought into close contact with the water or air in the respiratory organs.

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Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs at two places, i.e., in the respiratory organs and in tissues. During internal respiration or tissue respiration exchange of O2 and CO2 occurs between blood and tissues (cells) of the body. During external respiration, gaseous exchange takes place between blood and external environment (e.g., in aerial respiration within lungs and in aquatic respiration within water and gills surface).

In lower aquatic vertebrates the respiratory organs are not connected to the olfactory organs, but in air-breathing vertebrates there is a close association between the two. In Choanichthyes there is a direct connection between the olfactory and respiratory organs in which the internal nares or choanae open from the nasal cavities into the buccal cavity, but it is only in tetrapoda that air enters through the nasal cavities into the buccal cavity and then into the lungs.

Gills:

Gills are used for aquatic respiration found in fishes and amphibians. Gills are lacking in anamniotes. Besides exchange of gases at the surface of gills, salts are also eliminated from the gills surface in marine teleosts. Gills are of two types on the basis of their position- external gills and internal gills.
External gills, though rare in fishes, are found in some larval forms of lampreys, Polypterus (bichir) has one pair of external gills. Dipnoi (Lepidosireri) have four pairs of filamentous external gills attached to the outer edges of the branchial arches.

Answer 2

Answer:

ein Tier ohne Rückgrat, wie ein Arthropod, eine Weichtier, ein Ringelblume, ein Coelenterat usw. Die Wirbellosen bilden eine künstliche Teilung des Tierreichs, die 95 p umfasst