Air pollutants are known as air fumes
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A suspension of a finely divided solid in air is referred to as a “fume,” and that of a finely divided liquid as a “fog.” The gases comprise the third major classification of air pollutants, which includes any contaminant in the gaseous or vapor state.
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Air Quality Measurement and Effects of Pollution
Martin B. Hocking, in Handbook of Chemical Technology and Pollution Control (Third Edition), 2005
2.3 CLASSIFICATION OF AIR POLLUTANTS
Air pollutants can be classified into one of three main categories based on their physical characteristics. This enables potential emissions to be grouped so as to assess appropriate measures for avoidance of production, or emission control. On this basis, one or more types of emission control devices may be selected for use, based on their mode of action.
The first of these classes of air pollutants is called coarse particulate matter (PM), and comprises solid particles or liquid droplets which have an average diameter greater than about 10 μm(10‒3mm), (i.e., > PM10). Particles or droplets of this class of contaminants are large enough to fall more or less rapidly out of the air of their own accord.
The second group of air pollutants is the aerosol class. This can also comprise solid particles or liquid droplets, but they are limited to a size range generally less than about 10 μm average diameter (e.g., a median diameter of 2.5 μm, PM2 5). This class has particles or droplets small enough in size that there is a strong tendency for them to stay in suspension in air [6]. Powders of the denser solids, such as magnetite, would have to have a particle size of 2.5 μm or less to stay in suspension. This size range is also referred to as the Respirable Fraction, since these are not readily captured by ciliated mucous of the nasal passages and penetrate to the unciliated alveoli of the lungs [7]. A suspension of a finely divided solid in air is referred to as a “fume,” and that of a finely divided liquid as a “fog.”
The gases comprise the third major classification of air pollutants, which includes any contaminant in the gaseous or vapor state. This comprises the more ordinary “permanent” gases, such as sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide (pollutant?), etc., as well as the less common ones such as hydrogen chloride, chlorine, tritium (31H) and the like. It also includes materials which are not ordinarily gases, such as hydrocarbon vapors, and volatile nonmetal or metal vapors (e.g., arsenic, mercury, zinc) when these are in the vapor state.
The dividing line between the particulate/aerosol classes, and the gaseous classes is clear enough because of the phase difference. However, the position of the dividing line between the particulate and the aerosol classes is less obvious, since it is based on whether or not a second phase stays in suspension in air. Consideration of the terminal velocities or speed of fallout of particles of differing diameters helps to clarify this dividing line. Table 2.1 illustrates that a significant terminal velocity in air begins to be observed at particle diameters of about 10 μm for a substance with a density of 1 g/cm3 and larger. This is the physical basis of the approximate dividing line between these two classes. Figure 2.1 gives examples of typical particle size ranges for some common industrial and domestic substances that may become airborne.
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