all of the following liquids are for internal use except
Answers
Answer:
. Liquids for internal use: Drops, Elixirs, Linctus, Syrups, and draughts.
B. Liquids for external use:
Liquid to be applied to the skin: Liniments and lotions.
Liquids meant for body cavity: Gargles, throat paints, mouth washes, throat paints, mouth washes, eye drops, eye lotions, ear drops, nasal drops, sprays and inhalations
Syrups: Saturated solution of sucrose in purified water, sweet viscous preparations. Concentration of sugar is 66% (w/w). Syrups containing medicinal substances are called medicated syrups and those containing aromatic or flavored substances are known as flavored syrups.
Preparation: Add sucrose to purified water and heat it to dissolve sucrose with occasional stirring. Cool it and add more of purified water to make the required weight. Syrups used in formulation of antibiotics, saline drugs, vitamins, antitussives, sedatives [31-35].
Elixirs: Sweet aromatic colored preparations. Main Ingredients of elixir are ethyl alcohol, water, glycerin, propylene glycol, flavoring agent, syrup and preservatives. Medicated elixir contains very potent drug such as antibiotics, antihistamines, sedatives. Flavoring elixirs used as flavours and vehicles [36-38].
Linctuses: Viscous liquid and oral preparations that are generally prescribed for the relief of cough. They contain medicament which have demulcent, sedative or expectorant action. linctuses should be taken in a small doses sipped and swallowed slowly without diluting it with water in order to have maximum and prolonged effect of medications. Simple syrup is used a vehicle for most of the linctuses. Tolu syrup is preferred in certain cases because of its aromatic odour and flavor [39-41].
Drops: Liquid preparations meant for oral administration. The oil soluble vitamins such as vitamin A and D concentrations in fish liver oil are presented as drops for administration. Since these preparations contain potent medications the dose must be measured accurately [42-45].
Liniments: Liquid and semi liquid preparations meant for application to the skin. Liniments are usually applied to the skin with friction and rubbing of the skin. Liniments may be alcoholic or oily solutions or emulsions. Alcohol helps in penetration of medicament in to the skin and also increases its counterirritant or rubefacient action. Arachis oil is used in some liniments which spread more easily on the skin. Soap is also included as ingredients in some of the liniments which helps in easy application of liniment on the skin.
Liniments contain medicaments possessing analgesic, rubefacient, soothing, counter irritant or stimulating properties. Liniment should not be applied to broken skin it may cause excess irritation [46-48].
Lotions: Liquid preparations meant for external application without friction. They are applied direct to the skin with the help of some absorbent material such as cotton, wool or gauze soaked in it. Lotions may be used for local action as cooling, soothing or protective purpose. They are generally prescribed for antiseptic action ex: Calamine lotion [49-50].
Gargles: Aqueous solutions used to prevent or treat throat infections. They are usually available in concentrated for with direction for dilution with warm water before use. They are brought in to contact with mucous membrane of the throat and are allowed to remain in contact with it for a few seconds [51-53].
Mouth washes: Aqueous solutions with a pleasant taste and odour used to make clean and deodorize the buccal cavity. Generally they contain antibacterial agents, alcohol, glycerin, sweetening agents, flavouring agents and coloring agents [54-55].
Throat paints: Viscous liquid preparations used for mouth and throat infections. Glycerin is commonly used as a base it adheres to mucous membrane for a long period and it possesses a sweet taste [56].
Nasal drops; solutions of drugs that are instilled in to the nose with a dropper. They are usually aqueous and not oily drops. Nasal drops should be isotonic having neutral pH and viscosity similar to nasal secretions by using methyl alcohol [57-60].
Ear drops: Sterile solution or suspensions of drugs that are instilled in to the eye with a dropper. The eye drops are usually made in aqueous vehicle. It should be sterile isotonic with lacrymal secretions, buffered and free from foreign particles to avoid irritation to the eye [61-64].
Eye lotions: Aqueous solutions used for washing the eyes. The eye lotions are supplied in concentrated form and are
required to be diluted with warm water immediately before use. It should be isotonic and free from foreign particles to avoid irritation to the eye [65-70].
Ear drops: solutions of drugs that are instilled in to the ear with a dropper. These are generally used for cleaning the ear, softening the wax and for treating the mild infections [71-72].