All these are harmful effects of Mercury in children eccept
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Forms of Mercury and Chemical Behavior
There are 3 main forms of mercury that differ with respect to their toxicokinetics regarding absorption, distribution, and accumulation in the human body; related health outcomes; and the extent of cycling in the environment. Elemental mercury is liquid at room temperature, and in this form, is less toxic than inorganic or organic bound mercury. It has a high vapor pressure. If heated, mercury evaporates and becomes highly toxic. Metallic mercury is lipophilic and is stored in fatty tissues.4 Inorganic ions of mercury vary in water solubility. In general, divalent mercuric salts are soluble in water. The high toxicity of mercuric ions can be explained by the high affinity to sulfhydryl groups of amino acids, which are building blocks for enzymes. In organic mercury compounds, mercury is covalently bound to carbon. Organic mercury is the most dangerous form of mercury to human health. Methylmercury, the most predominant form of organic mercury, is the form that poses a risk through fish consumption. Methylmercury is better absorbed and shows a higher mobility in the human body than inorganic mercury. Another example of an organic mercury compound is ethyl mercury or thiomersal (referred to as thimerosal in the USA), which is used as a preservative in some vaccines.
Mercury as a Global Pollutant
Mercury is of global concern. The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) assessed the global mercury burden.5 Mercury is now a priority matter in the European Union.6,7 Progress has been made toward an anthropogenic mercury-free environment but it still remains a significant threat in developing countries.5 In 2006, the International Conference on Chemicals Management adopted the “Dubai Declaration on International Chemicals Management,” the “Overarching Policy Strategy,” and endorsed the “Global Plan of Action,” in which priority attention is given to mercury.8,9 These 3 documents constitute the Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management. The intergovernmental forum on chemical safety expressed concern about mercury and other toxic metals in “The Budapest Statement on Mercury, Lead, and Cadmium.”10 The scientific community expressed their concern about mercury and other heavy metals in “The Declaration of Brescia on Prevention of the Neurotoxicity of Metals.”11 UNEP has a special ad-hoc open-ended work group on mercury (http://www.chem.unep.ch/mercury/OEWG2/Meeting.htm).
Mercury in the Environment
Mercury pollution of the environment has natural, anthropogenic, and historic sources.1,5 The proportion of anthropogenic mercury nearly doubled within the last 100 years and with about 70% distinctly out-weighed naturally released mercury.12 The mercury problem is mainly a man-made problem and therefore can be minimized by implementing efficient measures. Mercury is not only anthropogenic, it also occurs naturally. Natural mercury releases can be caused by volcanic activity, weathering of rocks, forest fires, and water movement. In all geologic media, mercury can be detected in variable concentrations.5 Anthropogenic mercury is released from numerous sources. UNEP classified anthropogenic sources into the 3 following categories: (1) mobilization of mercury impurities from, for example, coal-fired power plants, fossil burning, or cement production; (2) releases of mercury from intentional activities, such as mercury mining, artisanal gold and silver mining, chlor-alkali production in which mercury is used as a catalyst, manufacturing of mercury-containing medicinal products (thermometers, sphygmomanometers, and other measuring instruments) and other products (batteries, switches) and the use of fluorescent lamps, measuring instruments, and amalgam fillings; (3) combinations of intentional releases and mobilization of mercury impurities from, for example, waste incineration, landfills from mining tailings or waste incineration tailings, vaporizing of amalgam fillings in crematoria, or remobilization of historic sources of mercury in soil.
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