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Amino acids are a class of important biomolecules that contains both amino groups (−NH3+), carboxylate groups (−COO‒), and a side chain (–R). Although amino acids with hundreds of different side chains have been identified or synthesized, only 20 amino acids are common building blocks of proteins. Except for glycine, all of the α-amino acids have four different substituents attached to the α-carbon and are therefore chiral molecules. In addition to subunits of proteins, amino acids have many other functions as well, including osmoregulation (proline), neurotransmitters (gamma-aminobutyric acid), metabolic intermediates (ornithine and citrulline), and inhibitors (dehydroproline).
Introduction
Amino acids are the major nitrogen-containing compounds of plants and are the building blocks of proteins. There are 20 different amino acids normally incorporated into proteins, although they may be subject to alteration afterward, by enzyme reactions such as phosphorylation, methylation, and acetylation. In addition to those in protein, over 300 additional amino acids have been isolated and characterized from plants. With the arrival of even more sensitive analytical techniques, this number is likely to increase. These amino acids may be present in low concentrations and play a vital part as an intermediate in a biosynthetic pathway, e.g., ornithine, homoserine, or cystathionine. In contrast they may act as a major storage form of nitrogen, e.g., canavanine in the seed of Canavalia ensiformis, or may be formed in high amounts in response to an external stress, e.g., γ-aminobutyrate. It is possible that some of these nonprotein amino acids may serve as insecticidal or fungicidal agents.
Humans and monogastric animals are not able to synthesize the following nine amino acids: lysine, threonine, methionine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, isoleucine, leucine, valine, and histidine. These are termed ‘essential’ and must be supplied in the diet. They are, however, able to convert methionine to cysteine and phenylalanine to tyrosine, provided they are available. Plants are able to synthesize all 20 protein amino acids, and these may be classified into ‘families’ by the pathways that are involved. These pathways are frequently subject to very complex and tight regulation to prevent the wastage of energy and the key nutrients carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur. It is interesting to note that the enzymes involved in the synthesis of the ‘essential’ amino acids are normally located within the chloroplasts of the leaves or the plastids of the nonphotosynthetic organs, such as the roots or seeds.
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