& What is the general belief of most societies
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Answers
Answer:
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Answer:
Introduction
The labor market participation of women has increased in the past few decades in industrial societies. This development has the potential to influence beliefs about gender roles and the division of labor for breadwinning, housework, and child-care. Most of the published studies regarding gender differences in gender-role beliefs have found that women generally hold more egalitarian gender-role beliefs than men (e.g., Larsen and Long 1988; Locke and Richman 1999; Tang and Dion 1999). Published research on cultural differences in gender-role beliefs has focused more on cross-national differences than on cultural-group differences within countries. Studies on cultural differences within countries do not provide a consistent picture of gender equality in plural societies; moreover, it is unclear how this equality is associated with psychological well-being. The current study addresses cultural and gender differences in gender-role beliefs, sharing of household-task and child-care responsibilities, and their relation with well-being among Dutch mainstreamers and members of the four largest groups of immigrants in The Netherlands (Turkish-, Moroccan-, Surinamese-, and Antillean–Dutch). The Dutch society provides an interesting context for studying these differences because, as outlined below, The Netherlands and the countries of origin of the four immigrant groups differ on gender-related cultural values. In addition, each of the four immigrant groups has first- and second-generation members, which enables a study of intergenerational shifts in gender-role beliefs and behaviors.
Gender-Role Beliefs
Gender-role beliefs refer to the general perception of gender roles such as gender-related tasks and power distribution. The social-role approach, the predominant approach to understanding gender-role beliefs, attributes the sources of these beliefs to the different social roles performed by men and women (Eagly and Wood 1991). In the ideology of separate gender roles (traditional family model), women are primarily responsible for the home, child rearing, and maintenance of good relationships. Men, in contrast, are primarily responsible for the financial support of the family. Although gender-role beliefs have been measured in a variety of ways, researchers have found in some countries that women report less traditional and more egalitarian gender-role beliefs than do men (e.g., Berkel 2004; Larsen and Long 1988; Locke and Richman 1999; Tang and Dion 1999). Research in Western and non-Western societies showed that education is a major mechanism by which women and, to lesser extent, men have come to favor gender equality. Education is positively associated with attitudes favoring gender equality in Egypt (e.g., Yount 2005). Educational level and employment status are the best predictors of women’s beliefs about gender-role equality. Highly educated and employed women in the USA hold the most egalitarian beliefs (Mason et al. 1976). For men, age, education, income level, marital status, and their spouses’ employment status are all strong predictors. Older, less educated, married men with full-time homemaker wives in the USA are less egalitarian in their views than younger, unmarried, more educated, high-status men with full-time employed wives (Wilkie 1993).