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4. (a) Construct 3 equations starting with x = 2
(b) Construct 3 equations starting with x = -2
Answers
Step-by-step explanation:
With temperatures around 700 K and pressures of around 75 bar, the deepest 12 kilometres of the atmosphere of Venus are so hot and dense that the atmosphere behaves like a supercritical fluid. The Soviet VeGa-2 probe descended through the atmosphere in 1985 and obtained the only reliable temperature profile for the deep Venusian atmosphere thus far. In this temperature profile, the atmosphere appears to be highly unstable at altitudes below 7 km, contrary to expectations. We argue that the VeGa-2 temperature profile could be explained by a change in the atmospheric gas composition, and thus molecular mass, with depth. We propose that the deep atmosphere consists of a non-homogeneous layer in which the abundance of N2 - the second most abundant constituent of the Venusian atmosphere after CO2 - gradually decreases to near-zero at the surface. It is difficult to explain a decline in N2 towards the surface with known nitrogen sources and sinks for Venus. Instead we suggest, partly based on experiments on supercritical fluids, that density-driven separation of N2 from CO2 can occur under the high pressures of Venus’s deep atmosphere, possibly by molecular diffusion, or by natural density-driven convection. If so, the amount of nitrogen in the atmosphere of Venus is 15% lower than commonly assumed. We suggest that similar density-driven separation could occur in other massive planetary atmospheres.
The unexplained behavior of the CO2/N2 mixture in the temperature and pressure conditions of the deep atmosphere of Venus needs to be confirmed. First, it illustrates how important it is to go back to Venus to make additional in-situ measurements down to the surface. Second, further studies are needed, both theoretical and experimental. The compositional gradient deduced from our interpretation of the VeGa-2 profile (5 ppm/m) could be measured in a large experimental tank where Venus’ atmospheric conditions can be reproduced. Such a result could trigger interest for theoretical and experimental studies dedicated to other binary mixtures, that could be relevant for the high-pressure atmospheres of giant planets of our own solar system.