An essay on caste equality and inequality in Kannada
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Explanation:
In this articleClose
1. Introduction
2. Inter-caste disparities in households' monthly per capita consumption expenditure
3. Modeling differences in inter-group differences in MCE
4. The decomposition of inter-caste differences in per capita household monthly consumption expenditure (MCE)
5. Inter-household inequality in monthly (per capita) consumption expenditure (MCE)
6. Caste/religion and poverty
7. The risk of poverty decomposition of inter-caste differences in the probability of being poor
8. Conclusions
References
Keywords: inequality, poverty, caste, India
1. Introduction
The measurement of disparity between households in the context of inequality and poverty raises the important issue of group bias. In the context of households being grouped according to some immutable characteristic – race in the USA, caste in India – are households from some (racial or caste) groups ceteris paribus more likely to find themselves at the bottom of the pile than households from other groups? Does the capacity to generate resources depend not just upon relevant attributes (like education and assets) but also upon irrelevant features like group identity? In terms of answering this question, the focus of this paper is on India and its caste structure.
The contextual background to the study is the division of Indian society into a number of social groups delineated by caste and religion. There is, first, the caste system, which stratifies Hindus, who constitute 80% of India's population, into mutually exclusive caste groups, membership of which is determined entirely by birth. Very broadly, one can think of four subgroups: brahmins; kshatriyas; vaisyas; and sudras. Brahmins, who were traditionally priests and teachers, represent the highest caste; Kshatriyas (traditionally, warriors and rulers) and Vaisyas (traditionally, moneylenders and traders) are ‘high-caste’ Hindus; the Sudras (traditionally performing menial jobs) constitute the ‘other backward classes’ (OBCs).2. Inter-caste disparities in households' monthly per capita consumption expenditure
The data used in this paper are from the IHDS, which was conducted in 2004–2005 by the University of Maryland in collaboration with the National Council of Applied Economic Research, New Delhi between November 2004 and October 2005. The nationally representative data cover 1504 villages and 971 urban areas across 33 states and union territories of India. The survey covering 41,554 households was carried out through face-to-face interviews by pairs of male and female enumerators in local languages. The respondents included a person who was knowledgeable about the household's economic situation (usually the male head of the household) and an ever-married woman aged 15–49. The detailed modules of the survey provide answers to a wide range of questions relating to economic activity, income and consumption expenditure, asset ownership, social capital, education, health, marriage and fertility, etc.
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inequality
ನಿರ್ದಿಷ್ಟ ಸಮಾಜದಲ್ಲಿನ ಸಂಪನ್ಮೂಲಗಳನ್ನು ಅಸಮಾನವಾಗಿ ವಿತರಿಸಿದಾಗ ಸಾಮಾಜಿಕ ಅಸಮಾನತೆಯು ಸಂಭವಿಸುತ್ತದೆ, ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯವಾಗಿ ಹಂಚಿಕೆಯ ಮಾನದಂಡಗಳ ಮೂಲಕ, ಸಾಮಾಜಿಕವಾಗಿ ವ್ಯಾಖ್ಯಾನಿಸಲಾದ ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿಗಳ ವರ್ಗಗಳ ಜೊತೆಗೆ ನಿರ್ದಿಷ್ಟ ಮಾದರಿಗಳನ್ನು ಹುಟ್ಟುಹಾಕುತ್ತದೆ. ಅಧಿಕಾರ, ಧರ್ಮ, ರಕ್ತಸಂಬಂಧ, ಪ್ರತಿಷ್ಠೆ, ಜನಾಂಗ, ಜನಾಂಗೀಯತೆ, ಲಿಂಗ, ವಯಸ್ಸು, ಲೈಂಗಿಕ ದೃಷ್ಟಿಕೋನ ಮತ್ತು ವರ್ಗದಿಂದ ಸಮಾಜದಲ್ಲಿನ ಸಾಮಾಜಿಕ ಸರಕುಗಳ ಪ್ರವೇಶದ ವಿಭಿನ್ನ ಆದ್ಯತೆಯಾಗಿದೆ. ಸಾಮಾಜಿಕ ಅಸಮಾನತೆಯು ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯವಾಗಿ ಫಲಿತಾಂಶದ ಸಮಾನತೆಯ ಕೊರತೆಯನ್ನು ಸೂಚಿಸುತ್ತದೆ, ಆದರೆ ಪರ್ಯಾಯವಾಗಿ ಅವಕಾಶದ ಪ್ರವೇಶದ ಸಮಾನತೆಯ ಕೊರತೆಯ ದೃಷ್ಟಿಯಿಂದ ಪರಿಕಲ್ಪನೆ ಮಾಡಬಹುದು. [1] ಸಾಮಾಜಿಕ ಹಕ್ಕುಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಕಾರ್ಮಿಕ ಮಾರುಕಟ್ಟೆ, ಆದಾಯದ ಮೂಲ, ಆರೋಗ್ಯ ರಕ್ಷಣೆ ಮತ್ತು ವಾಕ್ ಸ್ವಾತಂತ್ರ್ಯ, ಶಿಕ್ಷಣ, ರಾಜಕೀಯ ಪ್ರಾತಿನಿಧ್ಯ