Question

An experiment where use of yeast as a model organism

Answer 1

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The first complete DNA sequence of a eukaryotic genome, that of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, was released in electronic form more than a year ago (1). No doubt, each member of the international consortium of yeast biologists made the argument to his or her own funding agency in Europe, Japan, Britain, Canada, or the United States that this yeast would be a fine “model organism,” useful for interpreting and understanding human DNA sequences. How right were they?

It was clear long before the systematic sequencing of genomes began that there are genes in yeast and mammals that encode very similar proteins (2). Some homologies—including proteins of molecular systems (for example, the ribosomes and cytoskeletons)—were no surprise.

With the entire yeast genome sequence in hand, we can estimate how many yeast genes have significant mammalian homologs. We compared (4) all yeast protein sequences to the mammalian sequences in GenBank [EST (expressed sequence tag) databases were not included]. The result (see the table) is encouraging: For nearly 31% of all the potential protein-encoding genes of yeast (open reading frames, or ORFs), we found a statistically robust homolog among the mammalian protein sequences (5). This is clearly an underestimate, as the databases surely do not yet contain the sequences of all mammalian proteins or even representatives of every protein family. Many of these similarities relate individual domains, and not whole proteins, no doubt reflecting the shuffling of functional domains characteristic of protein evolution.

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