An
The
between the ninth and sixteenth centuries. After the fall of
106
and France.
In the absence of any unifying political force, military
conflict was frequent, and the need to gather resources to
protect one's land became very important. Social organisation
was therefore centred on the control of land. Its features were
derived from both imperial Roman traditions and German
customs. Christianity, the official religion of the Roman
Empire
from the fourth century, survived the collapse of Rome.
and gradually spread to central and northern Europe. The
Church also became a major landholder and political power
in Europe.
The three orders', the focus of this chapter, are three
social categories: Christian priests. landowning nobles and
peasants. The changing relationships between these three
groups was an important factor in shaping European history
for several centuries.
and political changes which occurred in western Europe
IN this chapter, we shall learn about the socio-economic
the Roman Empire, many groups of Germanic people from
eastern and central Europe occupied regions of Italy. Spain एक्सप्लेनेशन
Answers
Answer:An
The
between the ninth and sixteenth centuries. After the fall of
106
and France.
In the absence of any unifying political force, military
conflict was frequent, and the need to gather resources to
protect one's land became very important. Social organisation
was therefore centred on the control of land. Its features were
derived from both imperial Roman traditions and German
customs. Christianity, the official religion of the Roman
Empire
from the fourth century, survived the collapse of Rome.
and gradually spread to central and northern Europe. The
Church also became a major landholder and political power
in Europe.
The three orders', the focus of this chapter, are three
social categories: Christian priests. landowning nobles and
peasants. The changing relationships between these three
groups was an important factor in shaping European history
for several centuries.
and political changes which occurred in western Europe
IN this chapter, we shall learn about the socio-economic
the Roman Empire, many groups of Germanic people from
eastern and central Europe occupied regions of Italy. Spain एक्सप्लेनेशन
Answer:
Whereas psychological explanations of war contain much that seems to be valid, they are insufficient because man behaves differently in different social contexts. Hence, many thinkers have sought their explanations in these contexts, focusing either on the internal organization of states or on the international system within which these operate. The most voluminous and influential theories attributing war to the nature of the state fall into two broad streams, which can be loosely called liberal and socialist.
Union Soldiers. Bottom half of the memorial honoring American Civil War General and U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant at the base of Capitol Hill, Washington, DC. Photo: 2010 Memorial Day
BRITANNICA QUIZ
History of Warfare
Was the Vietnam War the longest war in history? Was the Spanish American War fought in the 19th century? From battles in American states to countries waging war, test your knowledge about warfare in this quiz.
Liberal analyses
The early or classical liberals of the 18th and 19th centuries distinguished three basic elements in their analysis—individuals, society, and the state—and regarded the state as the outcome of the interaction of the former two. They assumed that society is self-regulating and that the socioeconomic system is able to run smoothly with little interference from the government. Economy, decentralization, and freedom from governmental control were the classical liberal’s main concerns, as shown particularly clearly in the writings of John Stuart Mill. They accepted the necessity of maintaining defense but postulated the existence of a basic harmony of interests among states, which would minimize the incidence of wars. Economic cooperation based upon an international division of labour and upon free trade would be in the interests of everybody—commerce would be the great panacea, the rational substitute for war.
In explanation of wars that did occur, however, liberals emphasized a variety of factors. First, they focused on autocratic governments, which were presumed to wage war against the wishes of peacefully inclined people. It thus became a major tenet of liberal political philosophy that war could be eliminated by introducing universal suffrage because the people would surely vote out of office any belligerently inclined government. From the early American pamphleteer Thomas Paine onward, a major school of liberals supported republicanism and stressed the peaceful impact of public opinion. Although they could not agree about actual policies, they stressed certain general ideas concerning relations between states, paralleling their laissez-faire ideas of the internal organization of the state with ideas of a minimum amount of international organization, use of force strictly limited to repelling aggression, the importance of public opinion and of democratically elected governments, and rational resolution of conflicts and disputes. Later in the course of the 19th century, however, and especially after World War I, liberals began to accept the conclusion that an unregulated international society did not automatically tend toward peace and advocated international organization as a corrective.