analysis of data of water pollution project
Answers
Introduction
Due to historical, geographical, religious, political, and sociocultural reasons, India has a unique place in the world Agarwal et al., 2016. Pollution-causing activities have caused severe changes in aquatic environments over the last few decades. Serious questions have been raised in context to the safe use of river water for drinking and other purposes in recent times. Numerous contaminants are playing a major role in polluting the river water. It is one of the main concerns for most of the metropolitan cities of developing nations. Rivers play a vital role in shaping up the natural, cultural, and economic aspects of any country (Rafiq, 2016). The Yamuna river is one such river. The Yamuna river provides sustenance to ecology and is therefore considered holy by the people of India. It derives from the glacier called Yamunotri in the Himalayan ranges. States through which the Yamuna river flows are the Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, and Delhi. The Yamuna river is also divided into several tributaries such as the Hindon, Tons, Giri, Rishiganga, Hanuman Ganga, Sasur Khaderi, Chambal, Betwa, Ken, Sindh, and Baghain as it is flowing through several cities. These cities are the Yamuna Nagar, Delhi, Faridabad, Mathura, Agra, Etawah, and Prayagraj. It is a tributary of the river Ganges in India. Two of them together have had substantial importance in shaping up the history and geography of our country. The river on which our research primarily focuses is the Yamuna river. It passes through several states such as Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Haryana, and Delhi. It has a length of approximately 1,380 km. More than 600 lakh people are dependent on their living and income on this river (Census Reports of India 2001, 1971–1991). Such is the greatness of this river. Our research is based on the Yamuna river in Dehradun in Uttarakhand.
The process, in which the people from rustic areas shift to the town areas in search of a brighter future, thus resulting in a drastic increment in the population of people living in cities, is called urbanization. As a result, the number of cities and towns increases exponentially. There is an atrocious amount of stress on the weakening natural resources. As it is, the natural resources are facing major deterioration issues considering the unthoughtful plundering by the people. In the last few decades, the rate of spread in various segments of the world has been unprecedented and unimaginable. The proportion of the rate of infrastructure expansion has not been able to match up to the pace of urbanization in most cities. The amplified requirement of water, deficiency of sewage facilities, and scarce wastewater treatment facilities rigorously affect the water resources, and change the environment and ecology. Agricultural lands, rural unpaved areas, and natural wetlands are converted into paved and impervious urban areas, during urbanization. Augmented impervious land surface in urbanized areas leads to severe and radical changes in the natural order of things (Ahmad et al., 2017). There has been a drastic decline in the Yamuna river water quality since the last few years. The water is highly polluted, and it is a joint responsibility of the government and all the citizens to make sure that the Yamuna river is clean again. The primary step toward understanding and deliberating about the sorts of water pollution and developing effective reduction strategies is monitoring (Marale, 2012). Physical, chemical, and biological compositions determine the quality of water (Allee and Johnson, 1999). The substances such as heavy metals, pesticides, detergents, and petroleum form the chemical composition (Tiwari et al., 2020). Turbidity, color, and temperature comprise the physical composition, whereas the biological arrangement includes pigments and planktons. Observation and analysis of these water quality parameters need sampling from extensively distributed locations, which is time consuming and requires a lot of field and lab efforts to come up with statistical results (Wang et al., 2004; Icaga, 2007; Kazi et al., 2009; Amandeep, 2011; Duong, 2012; Singh et al., 2013; Nazeer and Nichol, 2015; Shi et al., 2018).
Conventionally, monitoring-based methods are used to find out the water quality parameters. They involve wide-ranging field sampling and expensive lab analysis, which is time inefficient and can only be accomplished for areas that are smaller (Song et al., 2012). Hence, these restraints and drawbacks make the conventional methods challenging for continuous water quality prediction at spatial scales (Panwar et al., 2015; Chabuk et al., 2017).
Answer:
Let P(x) be the statement x can speak Russian and let Q(x) be the statement x knows the computer language C+ < Express each of these sentences in terms of P(x) Q(x) quantities and logical connectives.The domain for quantifiers consists of all students at your school. a) There is a student at your school who can speak Russian and who knows C+. b) There is a student at your school who can speak Russian but who doesn't know C+ c) Every student at your school either can speak Russian or knows C++ d) No student at your school can speak Russian or knows C+.