analyze the effects of climate on human life
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1. Weather has a profound effect on human health and well-being. It has been demonstrated that weather is associated with changes in birth rates, and sperm counts, with outbreaks of pneumonia, influenza and bronchitis, and is related to other morbi dity effects linked to pollen concentrations and high pollution levels.
2. Large increases in mortality have occurred during previous heat and cold waves. It is estimated that 1,327 fatalities occurred in the United States as a result of the 1980 heat wave; the number occurring in Missouri alone accounted for over 25% of the total.
3. Hot weather extremes appear to have a more substantial impact on mortality than cold wave episodes. Most research indicates that mortality during extreme heat events varies with age, sex, and race. Factors associated with increased risk from hea t exposure include alcoholism, living on higher floors of buildings, and the use of tranquilizers. Factors associated with decreased risk are use of air conditioning, frequent exercising, consumption of fluids, and living in shaded residences. Acclimatiza tion may moderate the impact of successive heat waves over the short term.
4. Threshold temperatures for cities, which represent maximum and minimum temperatures associated with increases in total mortality, have been determined. These threshold temperatures vary regionally; for example, the threshold temperature for wint er mortality in mild southern cities such as Atlanta is 0deg.C and for more northerly cities, such as Philadelphia, it is -5deg.C.
5. Humidity has an important impact on mortality since it contributes to the body's ability to cool itself by evaporation of perspiration. It also has an important influence on morbidity in the winter because cold, dry air leads to excessive dehydr ation of nasal passages and the upper respiratory tract and increased chance of microbial and viral infection.
6. Precipitation in the form of rainfall and snow is also associated with changes in mortality. In New York City, upward trends in mortality were noted the day after snowfalls that had accumulated 2 inches or more. In Detroit where snow is more com mon, the snowfall accumulation exceeded 6 inches before mortality increases were noted.
7. If future global warming induced by increased concentrations of trace gases does occur, it has the potential to significantly affect human mortality. In one study, total summertime mortality in New York City is estimated to increase by over 3,20 0 deaths per year for a 7deg.F trace-gas-induced warming without acclimatization. If New Yorkers fully acclimatize, the number of additional deaths are estimated to be no different than today. It is hypothesized that, if climate warming occurs, some addit ional deaths are likely to occur because economic conditions and the basic infrastructure of the city will prohibit full acclimatization even if behavior changes.
8. Two areas of important future research include investigation of morbidity impacts and the costs to society of indirect impacts (e.g., costs associated with modifying living and working areas, decreases productivity, and other climate/stress-indu ced impacts).
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Here is your answer
1. Weather has a profound effect on human health and well-being. It has been demonstrated that weather is associated with changes in birth rates, and sperm counts, with outbreaks of pneumonia, influenza and bronchitis, and is related to other morbi dity effects linked to pollen concentrations and high pollution levels.
2. Large increases in mortality have occurred during previous heat and cold waves. It is estimated that 1,327 fatalities occurred in the United States as a result of the 1980 heat wave; the number occurring in Missouri alone accounted for over 25% of the total.
3. Hot weather extremes appear to have a more substantial impact on mortality than cold wave episodes. Most research indicates that mortality during extreme heat events varies with age, sex, and race. Factors associated with increased risk from hea t exposure include alcoholism, living on higher floors of buildings, and the use of tranquilizers. Factors associated with decreased risk are use of air conditioning, frequent exercising, consumption of fluids, and living in shaded residences. Acclimatiza tion may moderate the impact of successive heat waves over the short term.
4. Threshold temperatures for cities, which represent maximum and minimum temperatures associated with increases in total mortality, have been determined. These threshold temperatures vary regionally; for example, the threshold temperature for wint er mortality in mild southern cities such as Atlanta is 0deg.C and for more northerly cities, such as Philadelphia, it is -5deg.C.
5. Humidity has an important impact on mortality since it contributes to the body's ability to cool itself by evaporation of perspiration. It also has an important influence on morbidity in the winter because cold, dry air leads to excessive dehydr ation of nasal passages and the upper respiratory tract and increased chance of microbial and viral infection.
6. Precipitation in the form of rainfall and snow is also associated with changes in mortality. In New York City, upward trends in mortality were noted the day after snowfalls that had accumulated 2 inches or more. In Detroit where snow is more com mon, the snowfall accumulation exceeded 6 inches before mortality increases were noted.
7. If future global warming induced by increased concentrations of trace gases does occur, it has the potential to significantly affect human mortality. In one study, total summertime mortality in New York City is estimated to increase by over 3,20 0 deaths per year for a 7deg.F trace-gas-induced warming without acclimatization. If New Yorkers fully acclimatize, the number of additional deaths are estimated to be no different than today. It is hypothesized that, if climate warming occurs, some addit ional deaths are likely to occur because economic conditions and the basic infrastructure of the city will prohibit full acclimatization even if behavior changes.
8. Two areas of important future research include investigation of morbidity impacts and the costs to society of indirect impacts (e.g., costs associated with modifying living and working areas, decreases productivity, and other climate/stress-indu ced impacts).
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