Anatomy and physiology of respiratory system
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The functions of the respiratory system are:
Oxygen supplier. The job of the respiratory system is to keep the body constantly supplied with oxygen.
Elimination. Elimination of carbon dioxide.
Gas exchange. The respiratory system organs oversee the gas exchanges that occur between the blood and the external environment.
Passageway. Passageways that allow air to reach the lungs.
Humidifier. Purify, humidify, and warm incoming air.
Anatomy of the Respiratory System
The organs of the respiratory system include the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and their smaller branches, and the lungs, which contain the alveoli.

The Nose
The nose is the only externally visible part of the respiratory system.

Nostrils. During breathing, air enters the nose by passing through the nostrils, or nares.
Nasal cavity. The interior of the nose consists of the nasal cavity, divided by a midline nasal septum.
Olfactory receptors. The olfactory receptors for the sense of smell are located in the mucosa in the slitlike superior part of the nasal cavity, just beneath the ethmoid bone.
Respiratory mucosa. The rest of the mucosal lining, the nasal cavity called the respiratory mucosa, rests on a rich network of thin-walled veins that warms the air as it flows past.
Mucus. In addition, the sticky mucus produced by the mucosa’s glands moistens the air and traps incoming bacteria and other foreign debris, and lysozyme enzymes in the mucus destroy bacteria chemically.
Ciliated cells. The ciliated cells of the nasal mucosa create a gentle current that moves the sheet of contaminated mucus posteriorly toward the throat, where it is swallowed and digested by stomach juices.
Conchae. The lateral walls of the nasal cavity are uneven owing to three mucosa-covered projections, or lobes called conchae, which greatly increase the surface area of the mucosa exposed to the air, and also increase the air turbulence in the nasal cavity.
Palate. The nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity below by a partition, the palate; anteriorly, where the palate is supported by bone, is the hard palate; the unsupported posterior part is the soft palate.
Paranasal sinuses. The nasal cavity is surrounded by a ring of paranasal sinuses located in the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones; theses sinuses lighten the skull, and they act as a resonance chamber for speech.
Pharynx

Size. The pharynx is a muscular passageway about 13 cm (5 inches) long that vaguely resembles a short length of red garden hose.
Function. Commonly called the throat, the pharynx serves as a common passageway for food and air.
Portions of the pharynx. Air enters the superior portion, the nasopharynx, from the nasal cavity and then descends through the oropharynx and laryngopharynx to enter the larynx below.
Pharyngotympanic tube. The pharyngotympanic tubes, which drain the middle ear open into the nasopharynx.
Pharyngeal tonsil. The pharyngeal tonsil, often called adenoid is located high in the nasopharynx.
Palatine tonsils. The palatine tonsils are in the oropharynx at the end of the soft palate.
Lingual tonsils. The lingual tonsils lie at the base of the tongue.
Larynx
The larynx or voice box routes air and food into the proper channels and plays a role in speech.
Structure. Located inferior to the pharynx, it is formed by eight rigid hyaline cartilages and a spoon-shaped flap of elastic cartilage, the epiglottis.
Thyroid cartilage. The largest of the hyaline cartilages is the shield-shaped thyroid cartilage, which protrudes anteriorly and is commonly called Adam’s apple.
Epiglottis. Sometimes referred to as the “guardian of the airways”, the epiglottis protects the superior opening of the larynx.
Vocal folds. Part of the mucous membrane of the larynx forms a pair of folds, called the vocal folds, or true vocal cords, which vibrate with expelled air and allows us to speak.
Glottis. The slitlike passageway between the vocal folds is the glottis.
Oxygen supplier. The job of the respiratory system is to keep the body constantly supplied with oxygen.
Elimination. Elimination of carbon dioxide.
Gas exchange. The respiratory system organs oversee the gas exchanges that occur between the blood and the external environment.
Passageway. Passageways that allow air to reach the lungs.
Humidifier. Purify, humidify, and warm incoming air.
Anatomy of the Respiratory System
The organs of the respiratory system include the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and their smaller branches, and the lungs, which contain the alveoli.

The Nose
The nose is the only externally visible part of the respiratory system.

Nostrils. During breathing, air enters the nose by passing through the nostrils, or nares.
Nasal cavity. The interior of the nose consists of the nasal cavity, divided by a midline nasal septum.
Olfactory receptors. The olfactory receptors for the sense of smell are located in the mucosa in the slitlike superior part of the nasal cavity, just beneath the ethmoid bone.
Respiratory mucosa. The rest of the mucosal lining, the nasal cavity called the respiratory mucosa, rests on a rich network of thin-walled veins that warms the air as it flows past.
Mucus. In addition, the sticky mucus produced by the mucosa’s glands moistens the air and traps incoming bacteria and other foreign debris, and lysozyme enzymes in the mucus destroy bacteria chemically.
Ciliated cells. The ciliated cells of the nasal mucosa create a gentle current that moves the sheet of contaminated mucus posteriorly toward the throat, where it is swallowed and digested by stomach juices.
Conchae. The lateral walls of the nasal cavity are uneven owing to three mucosa-covered projections, or lobes called conchae, which greatly increase the surface area of the mucosa exposed to the air, and also increase the air turbulence in the nasal cavity.
Palate. The nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity below by a partition, the palate; anteriorly, where the palate is supported by bone, is the hard palate; the unsupported posterior part is the soft palate.
Paranasal sinuses. The nasal cavity is surrounded by a ring of paranasal sinuses located in the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones; theses sinuses lighten the skull, and they act as a resonance chamber for speech.
Pharynx

Size. The pharynx is a muscular passageway about 13 cm (5 inches) long that vaguely resembles a short length of red garden hose.
Function. Commonly called the throat, the pharynx serves as a common passageway for food and air.
Portions of the pharynx. Air enters the superior portion, the nasopharynx, from the nasal cavity and then descends through the oropharynx and laryngopharynx to enter the larynx below.
Pharyngotympanic tube. The pharyngotympanic tubes, which drain the middle ear open into the nasopharynx.
Pharyngeal tonsil. The pharyngeal tonsil, often called adenoid is located high in the nasopharynx.
Palatine tonsils. The palatine tonsils are in the oropharynx at the end of the soft palate.
Lingual tonsils. The lingual tonsils lie at the base of the tongue.
Larynx
The larynx or voice box routes air and food into the proper channels and plays a role in speech.
Structure. Located inferior to the pharynx, it is formed by eight rigid hyaline cartilages and a spoon-shaped flap of elastic cartilage, the epiglottis.
Thyroid cartilage. The largest of the hyaline cartilages is the shield-shaped thyroid cartilage, which protrudes anteriorly and is commonly called Adam’s apple.
Epiglottis. Sometimes referred to as the “guardian of the airways”, the epiglottis protects the superior opening of the larynx.
Vocal folds. Part of the mucous membrane of the larynx forms a pair of folds, called the vocal folds, or true vocal cords, which vibrate with expelled air and allows us to speak.
Glottis. The slitlike passageway between the vocal folds is the glottis.
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Anatomically, respiratory tract is divided into upper (organ outside thorax - nose, pharynx and larynx) and lower respiratory tract (organ within thorax - trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveolar duct and alveoli). The discussion is mainly concentrated on the lower respiratory tract and the related physiology.
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