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Answers
Step-by-step explanation:
Wave Variables
In the chapter on motion in two dimensions, we defined the following variables to describe harmonic motion:
Amplitude—maximum displacement from the equilibrium position of an object oscillating around such equilibrium position
Frequency—number of events per unit of time
Period—time it takes to complete one oscillation
For waves, these variables have the same basic meaning. However, it is helpful to word the definitions in a more specific way that applies directly to waves:
Amplitude—distance between the resting position and the maximum displacement of the wave
Frequency—number of waves passing by a specific point per second
Period—time it takes for one wave cycle to complete
In addition to amplitude, frequency, and period, their wavelength and wave velocity also characterize waves. The wavelength λ is the distance between adjacent identical parts of a wave, parallel to the direction of propagation. The wave velocity vw is the speed at which the disturbance moves.
Wave velocity is sometimes also called the propagation velocity or propagation speed because the disturbance propagates from one location to another.
Consider the periodic water wave in Figure 13.7. Its wavelength is the distance from crest to crest or from trough to trough. The wavelength can also be thought of as the distance a wave has traveled after one complete cycle—or one period. The time for one complete up-and-down motion is the simple water wave’s period T. In the figure, the wave itself moves to the right with a wave velocity vw. Its amplitude X is the distance between the resting position and the maximum displacement—either the crest or the trough—of the wave. It is important to note that this movement of the wave is actually the disturbance moving to the right, not the water itself; otherwise, the bird would move to the right. Instead, the seagull bobs up and down in place as waves pass underneath, traveling a total distance of 2X in one cycle. However, as mentioned in the text feature on surfing, actual ocean waves are more complex than this simplified example.