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1) The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) is the most comprehensive treaty on the rights of the child, and defines children in Article 1 as “every human being below the age of eighteen years, unless under the law applicable to the child, majority is attained earlier.”
The CRC focuses on four aspects of children’s rights: (1) participation by children in decisions affecting them; (2) protection of children against discrimination, neglect and exploitation; (3) prevention of harm to children; and (4) provision for children’s basic needs.
Areas of special concern with respect to the rights of children include: (1) the right to freedom from sexual exploitation, (2) child labor, (3) children in armed conflict, (4) education, and (5) children within the context of criminal law.
Sexual Exploitation
The second the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography requires States to ensure that certain acts against children are criminalized, and obligates States to prosecute or extradite offenders within their jurisdiction.
Child Labor
Child labor issues are most comprehensively addressed by International Labor Organization (ILO) Conventions. International Labor Organization Minimum Age Convention (ILO 138) stipulates that the minimum age for employment is generally 15 years, although developing countries may initially specify a minimum age of 14 years. For employment under specified circumstances (e.g., in the case of health hazards), the minimum age is 18 years. See International Labor Organization Worst Forms of Child Labor Convention, 1999 (ILO 182).
2) The Protection of Children from Sexual Offences, or POCSO, (Amendment) Bill, 2019, seeks to provide for stringent punishment to those engaging in sexual crimes against children, death penalty in cases of aggravated sexual assault, besides levying fines and imprisonment, to curb child pornography.
The POCSO Bill proposes to protect the interest of vulnerable children in times of distress and ensure their safety and dignity. The Bill has been approved by Parliament — the Rajya Sabha on July 29, 2019 and the Lok Sabha passed it on August 1, 2019.
The POCSO Bill, 2019, was moved for consideration and passage by Women and Child Development Minister Smriti Irani. She said the Bill provided for levying fines and imprisonment to curb child pornography.
The Bill seeks to amend the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012, which is a comprehensive law to protect the children from offences of sexual assault, harassment and pornography, while safeguarding the interests of the child at every stage of the judicial process by incorporating child-friendly mechanisms for reporting, recording of evidence, investigation and speedy trial of offences through designated special courts.
The POCSO Amendment Bill provides for stringent punishments for other crimes against all those below 18 years of age. The POCSO Bill also aims at making offences against children ‘gender neutral’.
The POCSO Bill seeks to award strong punishment in cases of drugs being administered to children to bring about early sexual maturity. Speaking on the Bill, Irani said the legislation introduced a minimum jail term of 20 years or for the entire life and death penalty in rare cases according to the courts' discretion.
According to Irani, around 620,000 sexual offenders were listed in the national database and they were being tracked by investigative agencies. She also expressed concern that the number of juvenile perpetrators of crimes was increasing. The minister also gave the suggestion of MPs that POCSO cases be taken up at district-level meetings.
Cutting across party lines, members supported amendments to the POCSO Act, but some of them demanded that Bill be referred to a standing committee or a select committee as it made certain offences punishable with death.
3)The Human Development Report (HDR) is an annual report published by the Human Development Report Office of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).
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