Question

Answer in a paragraph.
1. Discuss any three factors that led to the rise of
nationalism in India.
2. What was the difference between the Moderates
and the Radicals? When and how did the split
between the two happen? 3. Write a note on the Boycott and Swadeshi
movements
4. What were the features of the Morley-Minto
Reforms? Why did it fail to satisfy the nationalist
leaders?
5. What were the features of the Government of
India Act of 1919?​

Answer 1

1) Several factors contributed to the emergence of Indian nationalism which can be analyzed as follows:

Political and Administrative Unity: ...

English Language and Western Education: ...

3. Development of Transport and Means of Communication: ...

Emergence of Modern Press: ...

Economic Exploitation: ...

Revival of Glorious Indian Heritage

2) Differences Moderates and Extremists

Moderates

Extremists

Moderates believed in Liberalism and Moderate Politics. They believed that the British rulers were merely unaware of the plight of the Indian masses and that once they were made aware the British authorities would do their utmost to improve the lives of the local populace.

The Extremist leaders firmly believed that the British had no interest of the Indian people in mind. It was evident from the lacklustre response from the authorities during a plague or famine.

The moderates found their support base in the Zamindars and the upper-middle-class The extremists found their support bases among the educated middle-class and lower classes.

Extremists wanted completed independence from British rule.

Moderates limited their struggle to constitutional means

Extremists often used extra-constitutional methods often during their activities

Extremists were radical in terms of their approach, and believed in militant methods including but not limited to the assassination of key personnel.

Dadabai Naoroji, A.O. Hume

Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak

3) The Swadeshi movement started with the partition of Bengal in 1905 and continued up to 1911. Boycott was one of the tactics used in the Swadeshi movement. It involved the boycott of British products like cotton textile manufactured in Britain. Instead, leaders of the movement advocated the use of Indian products.

4) Morley-Minto Reform was another name of the Indian Council Act of 1909, which was named after the secretary of state and the Viceroy. It was instituted to placate the moderates. According to this act, the membership of the central and provincial legislative councils was enlarged. However, the number of elected members in these councils was less than half of their total membership. It may also be remembered that the elected members were not elected by the people but by landlords, organizations or traders and industrialists, universities, and local bodies. The British also introduced communal electorates as a part of these reforms. This was meant to create disunity between Hindus and Muslims. Some seats in the councils were reserved for Muslims to be elected by Muslim voters.By this, the British hoped to cut off Muslims from the nationalist movement by treating them apart from the rest of the nation. They told the Muslims that their interests were separate from those of other Indians. To weaken the nationalist movement, the British began to consistently follow a policy of promoting communalism in India. The growth of communalism had serious consequences for the unity of the Indian people and the struggle for freedom. The congress at its 1909 session welcomed the reforms but strongly opposed the reforms the creation of separate electorates on the basis of religion.

5) Salient features of the Act were as follows: This Act had a separate Preamble which declared that the objective of the British Government was the gradual introduction of responsible government in India. Diarchy was introduced at the Provincial Level.

Long title: An Act to make further provision with respect to the Government of India

Repealed by: Statute Law (Repeals) Act 1976

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