Answer in brief
How can we correlate applied history with our present ?
Answers
People often ask about the practical value of history.
The visible and invisible relics of the past exist in the present.
We nurture some kind of curiosity and attraction toward them.
We want to learn more about their history because they represent our ancestors’ creative ideas and traditions.
It's our legacy which helps to construct our identity.
Our heritage history connects us with our origin.
It is, therefore, necessary to preserve it for the future, both for our sake and for the sake of future generations.
Applied history is about preserving our heritage and making it accessible to the public.
Heritage management creates employment opportunities.
In short, applied history can be described with the help of history as understanding our present and finding the right direction for the benefit of our future.
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In essence, the new field of ''applied history'' takes seriously the remark of the philosopher George Santayana that ''Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it.'' They use the same argument in reverse: If policymakers decide to ''repeat'' history, they should do it in an informed way.
Applied historians say that the principal difference between them and their colleagues is the way in which they formulate problems. Mr. Stearns suggested that instead of, say, writing a narrative of how the Social Security system developed, an applied historian would start by examining how it was funded.
''He would note, for example, that while the labor movement was late in supporting the concept, it soon developed a large stake in the program and was relying on Social Security for purposes such as limiting the size of the work force and supporting older workers,'' Mr. Stearns said. ''This has obvious consequences for any current reform efforts.''
''Applied'' historians pay particular attention to the use of historical ''analogies'' that may or may not be accurate. The Munich accord, for example, is often cited as a reason to ''hold the line'' in foreign policy situations, including the current one in El Salvador. ''History is inevitably used, if not to formulate policy, then to justify it,'' said Mr. Stearns.
He noted that during the energy crisis of 1979 a memo citing the development of synthetic rubber during World War II was said to be instrumental in the Carter Administration's policy to back synthetic fuels. ''My guess is that the analogy probably would not have held up to any kind of systematic scrutiny,'' he said, ''but no one checked it out.'' Historians' Responses Differ
Historians working in this field say that the closest precedent for what they are doing is military history. Scholars have traditionally analyzed battles to provide lessons for contemporary strategists. Significally, an enthusiastic employer of such historians is the Army Corps of Engineers.
Scholars cite several reasons for the emergence of ''applied history,'' including the bleak employment prospects for academic historians and, more important, the growing tendency of many historians to think of themselves as social scientists and to use the statistical and other techniques that policymakers use.
Predictably, the trend has drawn criticism from some prominent historians. Carl Degler of Stanford University, for example, recently criticized the concept in his presidential address to the Organization of American Historians on the ground that ''history is not a policymaking science.''
''History will tell you how you got to where you are, but it won't tell you how to solve the oil question,'' he said in an interview. ''Economists and sociologists and others like that are the people who deal in solutions.''
Others argue that historians surrender perspective by moving from the past to current issues and run the risk of losing their intellectual independence by developing a stake in how their conclusions are used. ''You can make a big contribution to how people think by writing history,'' said Samuel P. Hays of the University of Pittsburgh. ''But you can't do this if you commit yourself to a given policy position.''
Applied historians reply that such criticism misses the point. There is a big difference, they say, between articulating the lessons of the past for policymakers and actually becoming policymakers. They also argue that they are in good historical company.
''The best historians have always been concerned about the quality of life in the future,'' said Daniel P. Resnick, a professor in the Carnegie-Mellon program. ''When he wrote his famous history of the Peloponnesian War, Thucydides wrote as a moralist concerned about the decline in political leadership in Athens. He wanted to show how a long continued war had forced them to become more authoritarian. But this tradition of concern for the quality of life seems to have been lost among modern historians. We are so specialized that we tend to write for one another and get cut off from current movements and concern with the future.''
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