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Read the following passage carefully:
The classical realist theory of international relations has long dominated both academic
institutions and the American government. Even at the birth of the nation, early political
thinkers, such as Alexander Hamilton, promoted a realist view of international relations and
sought to influence the actions of the government based on this perspective. While the classical
realist school of international relations is not entirely homogeneous in nature, there are certain
premises that all classical realists share.
The primary principle underlying classical realism is a concern with issues of war and
peace. Specifically, classical realists ask, what are the causes of war and what are the conditions
of peace? The members of the classical realist school mainly attribute war and conflict to what is
termed the security dilemma. In the absence of any prevailing global authority, each nation is
required to address its own security needs. However, each nation's quest for security—through
military buildups, alliances, or territorial defenses necessarily unsettles other nations.
These nations react to feelings of insecurity by engaging in their own aggressive actions,
which leads other nations to react similarly, perpetuating the cycle. It is important to note that
for realists, unlike idealists or liberal internationalists, international conflict is a necessary
consequence of the structural anarchy that nations find themselves in. Whereas other schools
may see international conflict as the result of evil dictators, historical chance, flawed socio
political systems, or ignorance of world affairs, classical realists see war as the logical result of a
system that by its nature lacks a true central authority.
Hand in hand with this view of conflict as an inevitable condition of the global power structure
is the realists' view of the nation as a unitary actor. Because classical realists see international
relations as a continuing struggle for dominance, the nation can not be viewed as a collection of
individuals with disparate wants, goals, and ideologies. The realist view requires the formulation
of a national interest, which in its simplest terms refers to the nation's ability to survive,
maintain its security, and achieve some level of power relative to its competitors.
Realism is not without its critics, many of whom challenge the premise that war is the natural
condition of international relations or that there can be a truly national interest. However, the
realist school of international relations continues to shape foreign policy because of the
successes it has had in describing real world interactions between nations.
Questions:
1. Which of the following, if true, would best support the classical realist theory of international
conflict as it is described in the passage?
(a) Some countries ruled by dictators maintain peaceful relations with their neighbours
(b) Despite the presence of a world superpower, many countries continue to fight wars with
their neighbours.
(c) War has existed from the beginning of recorded history.
(d) After the nations of the world form an authoritative world court, wars decrease
dramatically.
hers of the classical realist school would be
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In physics, a force is any interaction that, when unopposed, will change the motion of an object. A force can cause an object with mass to change its velocity, i.e., to accelerate. Force can also be described intuitively as a push or a pull. A force has both magnitude and direction, making it a vector quantity
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