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French Revolution, also called Revolution of 1789, revolutionary movement that shook France between 1787 and 1799 and reached its first climax there in 1789—hence the conventional term “Revolution of 1789,” denoting the end of the ancien régime in France and serving also to distinguish that event from the later French revolutions of 1830 and 1848.
Louis XVI: execution by guillotine
Louis XVI: execution by guillotine
The execution of Louis XVI in 1793.
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French Revolution
QUICK FACTS
DATE
1787 - 1799
LOCATION
France
PARTICIPANTS
Bourgeoisie
Montagnard
Peasant
Philosophe
Sansculotte
CAUSES
The growing popularity of the works of a number of intellectuals who argued for social reform
Crop failures in 1788 compounded existing economic restlessness
French participation in the American Revolution that drove the government to the brink of bankruptcy
Resentment among the bourgeoisie about being excluded from political power
The French monarchy, no longer seen as divinely ordained, was unable to adapt to the political and societal pressures being exerted on it
Widespread inequality between the rich and poor classes alongside growing dissatisfaction with the antiquated feudal system among the poor
OUTCOMES
Establishment of a republic in France
Establishment of civil equality in the country (but not in the French colonies) and radical social change
The Reign of Terror, during which the Revolutionary government arrested 300,000 suspects, resulting in at least 25,000 deaths
The abolition of feudalism in France
The abolition of the monarchy and the deaths of King Louis XVI and Marie-Antoinette
The rise to power of Napoleon Bonaparte
Wars with a number of other countries, including Austria, Prussia, and Great Britain
KEY PEOPLE
Georges Danton
Jacques-Louis David
Marie-Thérèse-Louise de Savoie-Carignan, princess de Lamballe
Louis XVI
Marie-Antoinette
Honoré-Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau
Napoleon I
Maximilien Robespierre
Louis de Saint-Just
Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand, prince de Bénévent
RELATED TOPICS
Ancien régime
Aristocracy
Émigré
French republican calendar
Guillotine
DID YOU KNOW?
The storming of the Bastille is still honored in France as a national holiday.
The Jacobins attempted to eradicate Christianity in France.
When Louis XVI was executed in January 1793, his severed head was paraded around for the crowd and was met with exclamations of "Vive la République!"
The later Bolsheviks admired the French Revolution and especially the Jacobins, the extremist French revolutionaries who had instigated the Reign of Terror.
Origins Of The Revolution
The French Revolution had general causes common to all the revolutions of the West at the end of the 18th century and particular causes that explain why it was by far the most violent and the most universally significant of these revolutions. The first of the general causes was the social structure of the West. The feudal regime had been weakened step-by-step and had already disappeared in parts of Europe. The increasingly numerous and prosperous elite of wealthy commoners—merchants, manufacturers, and professionals, often called the bourgeoisie—aspired to political power in those countries where it did not already possess it. The peasants, many of whom owned land, had attained an improved standard of living and education and wanted to get rid of the last vestiges of feudalism so as to acquire the full rights of landowners and to be free to increase their holdings. Furthermore, from about 1730, higher standards of living had reduced the mortality rate among adults considerably. This, together with other factors, had led to an increase in the population of Europe unprecedented for several centuries: it doubled between 1715 and 1800. For France, which with 26 million inhabitants in 1789 was the most populated country of Europe, the problem was most acute.
It is uncertain, however, whether revolution would have come without the added presence of a political crisis. Faced with the heavy expenditure that the wars of the 18th century entailed, the rulers of Europe sought to raise money by taxing the nobles and clergy, who in most countries had hitherto been exempt, To justify this, the rulers likewise invoked the arguments of advanced thinkers by adopting the role of “enlightened despots.” This provoked reaction throughout Europe from the privileged bodies, diets. and estates. In North America this backlash caused the American Revolution, which began with the refusal to pay a tax imposed by the king of Great Britain. Monarchs tried to stop this reaction of the aristocracy, and both rulers and the privileged classes sought allies among the nonprivileged bourgeois and the peasants.
Answer:
There were four main causes of french revolution
1. Political
2. Social
3. Economic
4. Intellectual
Explanation:
1. Political
France was ruled by Louis XIV at that time and he was succeeded by Louis XV, who was an incomplete administrator. he had no interest in affairs of state and his successor was louis XVI who indulged in the luxuries of life and same was his wife named Marie Antoinette. Administrative set up of France was highly disorganised, incompetent and corrupt. There was no uniformity in administration .
2. Social
The French society was feudal and was based on principles of inequality .
The society was divided into three classes..
A. First estate: it consisted of clergy
B. Second estate: Consisted of nobles and aristocrats(very rich people)
C. Third estate: consisted of the peasants, workers and bourgeoisie (capitalist class). First and second classes possessed about one-fifth of the whole french property, even though their population was only one percent of total Frech population. They enjoyed special rights and privileges and were also exempted from the payment of taxes .
The third class lived in miseries and their condition was pathetic. They were overburdened with taxes and tortured by government officials. They strongly resented the powers enjoyed by the two other classes .
3. Economic
The rulers, the nobility, the clergy and the aristocrats led a very luxurious life. The participation of France in Austria's War of Succession, the Seven Years' War and the War of American Independence had almost emptied the state treasury.
In order to meet their personal and military expenses, the government did not hesitate on taxing the lower classes of the society. The third estate bore the entire burden of taxation while the first and second estate were exempted from paying taxes, despite being very rich. The poor had to pay both Direct Tax (land tax, income tax, property tax) and Indirect Tax (tax on salt, wine and tobacco).
4. Intellectual
In the eighteenth century, France also witnessed intellectual awakening. Educated people began to question the cruel policies of the King and inspired people to oppose injustice and inequality.
Philosophers such as ... Voltaire(1694-1778), Montesquieu(1689-1757), Rousseau(1712-1778) and Diderot(1713-1784) ... asked people to think independently. They laid before the people the ideals of a democratic, socialist and progressive society. They were against exploitation, cruelty, social inequality, discrimination, corruption and administrative deficiency. They inspired the common men to fight for their basic rights ....
After this people started the French Revolution