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1) Prawn and cyclopes are crustaceans that belong to the phylum Arthropoda in which respiration occurs through gills called Branchial respiration.
2) An organ system is a group of organs that work together to perform a certain function in an organism's body. Most animals and plants have organs, which are self-contained groups of tissues such as the heart that work together to perform one function. Humans and other mammals have many organ systems.
3) The balanced distribution of the body shapes is referred to as the biological symmetry. ... The key difference between radial and bilateral symmetry is that radial symmetry generates identical body halves around the central axis whereas bilateral symmetry generates only two sides as left and right.
4) Triploblasty can be seen in multicellular animals, particularly, flatworms (Phylum Platyhelminthes), mollusks (Phylum Mollusca), arthropods (Phylum Arthropoda), and chordates (Phylum Chordata).
5) In intracellular digestion, the breakdown of food materials into small molecules occurs inside the food vacuoles within the cell. In extracellular digestion, the breakdown of food materials into small molecules occurs outside the cell in the lumen of the alimentary canal or on the decaying organic materials.
6) The water vascular system is a hydraulic system used by echinoderms, such as sea stars and sea urchins, for locomotion, food and waste transportation, and respiration. The system is composed of canals connecting numerous tube feet.
7) Most authors accept the annelids as having three major classes: Polychaeta, Oligochaeta, and Hirudinea.
Class Polychaeta (marine worms): Paired lateral appendages, or parapodia, bearing
Oligochaeta: Primarily freshwater or terrestrial with setae arising directly from body
Class Hirudinea (leeches): Primarily freshwater, but also terrestrial and marine forms; ...
8) Birds have adapted themselves with air sacs and feathers that make them adapt to the aerial mode of life. ... The body is light and spindle-shaped due to the presence of air sacs with modified forelimbs as wings. The weight of the birds is born by the hind limbs and they are large.
9) Bony fishes share several distinguishing features: a skeleton of bone, scales, paired fins, one pair of gill openings, jaws, and paired nostrils. Osteichthyes includes the largest number of living species of all scientific classes of vertebrates, more than 28,000 species.
10) The characteristics of the organisms present in class amphibia are as follows:
These can live both on land and in water.
They are ectothermic animals, found in a warm environment.
Their body is divided into head and trunk.
The skin is smooth and rough without any scales, but with glands that make it moist.
11) In botany, a staminode is an often rudimentary, sterile or abortive stamen, which means that it does not produce pollen. Staminodes are frequently inconspicuous and stamen-like, usually occurring at the inner whorl of the flower, but are also sometimes long enough to protrude from the corolla.
12) Examples include: carrot displays conical type of modification in tap roots and radish displays fusiform type of modification in tap roots. Adventitious roots also modifies the storage of food particles. Examples include: Dahlia is a modified fasciculated root. However, Sweet potato is modified into a tuberous root.
13)Stems of various plants have undergone modifications to perform different functions.
1. Underground stems or storage stems:
Examples: Rhizomes, Corms, tubers
In ginger and banana, the underground stem is called as a rhizome. The underground stem in Colocasia (arvi) is known as corm. Rhizomes and corms are underground stems, modified for the storage of food. Also, these stems help in vegetative reproduction of these plants. The tips of the underground stem in potato plants become swollen due to the accumulation of food. The potato is a tuber that helps in the storage of food and bears eyes on it. Subtended by a leaf scar, these eyes bear buds that give rise to new plants.
2. Supportive stems:
Example: tendril
The stem in some weak plants bears thin, slender and spirally-coiled structures called as tendrils that help the plant get attached to nearby structures for support. Tendrils are found in cucumbers, melons and other members of the family Cucurbitaceae.
3. Protective stems:
Example: Thorns
The stem in Bougainvillea and citrus plants (like lemon and orange) bear sharp, pointed structures called as thorns, which provide protection to the plant from herbivores.
4. Photosynthetic stems:
Example: Opuntia
The stem in the Opuntia is green. It carries out the process of photosynthesis in the absence of leaves.
5. Others stem modifications:
In some plants, underground stems such as grasses spread in the soil and help in perenation. These stems are called as runners.
The short lateral stem called as the offset in some aquatic plants (such as Eichhornia) bears leaves and tufts of roots at the node and gives rise to new plants.
