Answer the following:
a) Fungus and Mosses reproduce by a common method of asexual reproduction. Name the method.
b) Name the:
(i) Seed dispersed by wind
(ii) Seed dispersed by water
(iii) Seed dispersed by animal
c)Madar, ask and dandelion.How is it adapted for dispersal by wind?
d) Write notes on
I) Fragmentation
II) Layering
e) Differentiate between self-pollination and cross-pollination.
f) Write two advantages and two disadvantages of vegetative propagation.
g)Enlist two advantages of seed dispersal.Answer the following:
a) Fungus and Mosses reproduce by a common method of asexual reproduction. Name the method.
b) Name the:
(i) Seed dispersed by wind
(ii) Seed dispersed by water
(iii) Seed dispersed by animal
c)Madar, ask and dandelion.How is it adapted for dispersal by wind?
d) Write notes on
I) Fragmentation
II) Layering
e) Differentiate between self-pollination and cross-pollination.
f) Write two advantages and two disadvantages of vegetative propagation.
g)Enlist two advantages of seed dispersal.
Answers
Explanation:
a) The method of Asexual Reproduction by which fungus and Moss and Ferns reproduce is spore formation. Fungus, moss and fern will reproduce by the technique for spore formation, which is a kind of abiogenetic propagation or Asexualreproduction.
b) {i} Gliders.
Parachutes.
Helicopters (Whirlybirds)
Flutterer/Spinners.
Cottony Seeds & Fruits.
UbiquitousTumbleweed.
Miscellaneous.
{ii} Many marine, beach, pond, and swamp plants have waterborne seeds, which are buoyant by being enclosed in corky fruits or air-containing fruits or both; examples of these plants include water plantain, yellow flag, sea kale, sea rocket, sea beet, and all species of Rhizophoraceae, a family of mangrove plants.
{iii} Examples include mangoes, guavas, breadfruit, carob, and several fig species. In South Africa, a desert melon (Cucumis humifructus) participates in a symbiotic relationship with aardvarks—the animals eat the fruit for its water content and bury their own dung, which contains the seeds, near their burrows.
c) The seeds of madar (aak) have hair which allow them to be carried away easily by the wind. The fruits of sunflower have hair which enable them to be blown away by wind and get dispersed. So, the sunflower plant has hairy fruits. This structure prolongs the descent of seeds by dragging on the air a bit like a parachute, ensuring that horizontal winds can help carry the seeds farther. Most dandelion seeds probably land within 2 meters of their parent flowers, but in warm, dry, windy conditions, some may fly more than a x
d) i) Fragmentation is a type of vegetative reproduction seen in lower plants where the plant body gets fragmented in two or more parts by means of physical external forces. By this, all the fragments give rise to new independent individuals. They are identical to their parents and are mature and independent.
ii)Layering has evolved as a common means of vegetative propagation of numerous species in natural environments. Layering is also utilized by horticulturists to propagate desirable plants. Natural layering typically occurs when a branch touches the ground, whereupon it produces adventitious roots.
e) Self-pollination occurs when the pollen from the anther is deposited on the stigma of the same flower, or another flower on the same plant. Cross-pollination is the transfer of pollen from the anther of one flower to the stigma of another flower on a different individual of the same species.
f) (a) It makes possible propagation of plants like orange, banana, rose and jasmine which have lost capacity to produce the seeds. (b) All plants produced by vegetative propagation are genetically similar to parent plant. Two Disadvantages of vegetative propagation: (a) Progeny similar to parents.
g) Abstract. Seed dispersal can be advantageous (1) in escape from density-or distance-dependent seed and seedling mortality, (2) by colonization of suitable sites unpredictable in space and time, and (3) by directed dispersal to particular sites with a relatively high probability of survival.
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