Answer the following in detail.
1. What happened when Mahatma Gandhi returned from South Arica?
2 Name the places where the French, the Portuguese, the English and the Spanish began
cultivating indigo.
3. What were the disadvantages of the ryotwari system?
4 What were the two major systems of indigo cultivation in India?
5. What were the findings of the Indigo Commission?
6. Which all crops the British forced the cultivators to produce in different parts of India?
7. What was the reason for demand of Indian Indigo?
8. Write a short note on blue rebellion.
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Answers
Explanation:
1) Gandhi left South Africa forever and returned to India in July 1914. Initially he stayed at Shantivan ashram of Noble Laureate Rabindranath Tagore. By 1917, he had established Satyagraha ashram on the banks of Sabarmati river . ... In 1918, Gandhiji fought for the rights of the textile mill workers of Ahmedabad.
2) The French began cultivating indigo in St Domingue in the Caribbean islands, the Portuguese in Brazil, the English in Jamaica, and the Spanish in Venezuela. Indigo plantations also came up in many parts of North America. By the end of the eighteenth century, the demand for Indian indigo grew further.
3) The various disadvantages of the ryotawari system were as follows:
- Ryots or cultivators were provided with the loan to cultivate the Indigo. Initially, ryots found this deal attractive but later they realised the amount they are getting paid was low as compared to the Indigo that was produced by them.
- Also, the loan that had given was never-ending. After every harvest, they were provided with the loan to cultivate Indigo.
- Moreover, the planters wanted Indigo to be cultivated in best soil whereas the farmers wanted the rice to be cultivated in such soil.
- Continuous cultivation of Indigo led the exhaustion of the soil as it has deep roots and the land cannot be used to sow rice.
4) There were two main systems of indigo cultivation – nij and ryoti. Within the system of nij cultivation, the planter produced indigo in lands that he directly controlled. He either bought the land or rented it from other zamindars and produced indigo by directly employing hired labourers.
5) The commission declared that the planters were unfair and the farmers were not paid enough for their toil. The commission also stated that in future the farmers could refused to grow Indigo plants and the planters did not have the right to force them.
6) The British persuaded or forced cultivators in various parts of India to produce other crops: jute in Bengal, tea in Assam, sugarcane in the United Provinces (now Uttar Pradesh), wheat in Punjab, cotton in Maharashtra and Punjab, rice in Madras.
7) Indian Indigo is in high demand because it was manufactured by the plants which is cheaper in cost and easily foundable. its cost is very low as compare to dye which was imported from foreign. The gestures of indian indigo is good as well shining easily moldable to any design.
8) Blue rebellion was a peasant uprising of indigo farmers against indigo plantation. it started in march 1859 in bengal. ... thus the blue rebellion started in bengal. it is called blue rebellion because indigo is used to make blue dye which was in demand in europe.
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