Answer the following questions : 8 marks
How did Napoleony's create rule create
trouble in the Iberian Peninsula?
Answers
Answer:
There were major power struggles between European nations in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, with the conflicts between them becoming increasingly globalized as they fought for overseas territories. There were also changes in intellectual thought, which led to civil wars and the emergence of new forms of governance. The French Revolution, for example, brought about the end of the monarchy in France and provided a model of governance that inspired people in the Spanish empire.
In 1805 it became increasingly difficult for Spain to traverse the Atlantic and in 1806 and 1807 Britain attempted to take the port of Buenos Aires from Spain. In 1807 Spain’s problems were compounded when Napoleon Bonaparte’s troops entered the Iberian Peninsula. Initially Spain was an ally of France and Napoleon sought co-operation from Spain for his invasion of Portugal. The Spanish monarchy co-operated because it hoped to secure Southern Portugal for itself. However Napoleon betrayed Spain and French troops also occupied Spanish territory.In 1808 Bourbon King Ferdinand VII became King of Spain but was subsequently removed by Napoleon Bonaparte, causing a crisis, which reverberated throughout the Spanish Empire. King Ferdinand VII and his father had accepted an invitation from Napoleon to settle the matter diplomatically but were forced to renounce their positions and accept the Bonaparte family as their replacements. Napoleon’s brother Joseph Bonaparte would be the first Bonaparte King of Spain. He held the crown until 1813 as José I. Thus the removal of the legitimate king undermined the foundations of the monarchical system and this had reverberations throughout the Hispanic world. Senior Spanish military officers maintained their allegiance to the crown and accepted Bonaparte as the new monarch. There was little resistance to the French from the senior military officers in command. The resistance that did come, was from peasants and people in the middle classes. On 2 May 1808, the people of Madrid revolted against the French occupation, but they were quashed and many were killed.
Answer:
At the start of this period, the Iberian Peninsula is fragmented into several kingdoms, its rulers waging continual warfare and engaging in border disputes. The region eventually emerges unified, and by the end of the sixteenth century is a major international power. At its height, the Spanish empire numbers among its territorial possessions vast portions of the Americas, the Philippines, Milan, and Sicily. The consolidation of the monarchy is largely due to the marriage and joint rule of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile, whose devout Catholicism and support of the Inquisition safeguards the country in advance from the Reformation that will rage in other parts of Europe. At the same time, the growing intolerance and eventual expulsion of Jews and Muslims diminishes the presence of their rich artistic culture in both Spain and Portugal. Islamic motifs remain popular, however, and are incorporated with Northern elements into a Gothic style that flourishes throughout the fifteenth century. This is gradually superceded in the sixteenth century by the Italian Renaissance style.
Explanation:
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