Answer the following questions. (Any five)
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Write a note on 'Darwins' theory of natural sclection?
What is meant by green energy? Which energy sources can be called as green energy sources and why? Give
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Complete the paragraph by choosing the appropriate words given in the brackets:
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Darwin: From Origin of Species to Descent of Man
First published Mon Jun 17, 2019
[Editor’s Note: Much of the content in the following entry originally appeared in the entry titled The Concept of Evolution to 1872. The latter has been split into two separate entries.]
This entry intends to give a broad historical review of the origin and development of Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection through the initial Darwinian phase of the “Darwinian Revolution” up to the publication of the Descent of Man in 1871. The development of evolutionary ideas before Darwin’s work has been treated in the separate entry evolutionary thought before Darwin. Several additional aspects of Darwin’s theory of evolution and his biographical development are dealt with in other entries in this encyclopedia (see the entries on Darwinism; species; natural selection; creationism). The remainder of this entry will focus on the following points in relation to Darwin’s theory not developed in the other entries. It will also maintain a historical and textual approach. Other entries in this encyclopedia cited at the end of the article and the bibliography should be consulted for discussions beyond this point. The issues will be examined under the following headings:
1. The Origins of Darwin’s Theory
1.1 Historiographical Issues
1.2 Darwin’s Early Reflections
2. Darwinian Evolution
2.1. The Concept of Natural Selection
2.2. The Central Argument of the Origin
3. The Reception of the Origin
3.1 The Popular Reception of Darwin’s Theory
3.2 The Professional Reception of Darwin’s Theory
4. Human Evolution and the Descent of Man
4.1 The Genesis of Darwin’s Descent
4.2. Reception of the Descent
4.3 The Ethical Theory of the Descent of Man
5. Summary and Conclusion
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1. The Origins of Darwin’s Theory
1.1 Historiographical Issues
Charles Darwin’s version of transformism has been the subject of massive historical and philosophical scholarship almost unparalleled in any other area of the history of science. This includes the continued flow of monographic studies and collections of articles on aspects of Darwin’s theory (Richards and Ruse 2016; Ruse 2013a, 2009a,b, 2008; Ruse & Richards 2008; Hodge & Radick 2003 [2009]; Hösle & Illies [eds] 2005; Gayon 1998; Bowler 1996; Depew & Weber 1995; Kohn 1985a). The continuous production of popular and professional biographical studies on Darwin provide ever new insights (Ruse et al. 2013a; Johnson 2012; Desmond & Moore 1991, 2009; Browne 1995, 2002; Bowlby 1990; Bowler 1990). In addition, major editing projects on Darwin’s manuscripts and Correspondence, now completed through 1878, continue to reveal details and new insights into the issues surrounding Darwin’s own thought (Keynes [ed.] 2000; Burkhardt et al. [eds] 1985–; Darwin 1836–1844 [1987]). The Cambridge Darwin Online website (see Other Internet Resources) serves as an international clearinghouse for this worldwide Darwinian scholarship.
A long tradition of scholarship has interpreted Darwin’s theory to have originated from a framework defined by endemic British natural history, a British tradition of natural theology defined particularly by William Paley (1743–1805), the methodological precepts of John Herschel (1792–1871), and the geological theories of Charles Lyell (1797–1875). His conversion to the uniformitarian geology of Charles Lyell and to Lyell’s thesis of gradual change over time during the voyage of the HMS Beagle (December 1831–October 1836) has been seen as fundamental in his formation (Norman 2013; Herbert 2005; Hodge 1983a). Complementing this predominantly anglophone historiography has been the social-constructivist analyses emphasizing the origins of Darwin’s theories in British Political Economy (Young, 1985: chps. 2, 4, 5). Recently, it has been argued that a primary generating source of Darwin’s inquiries was his involvement with the British anti-slavery movement, a concern reaching back to his revulsion against slavery developed during the Beagle years (Desmond & Moore 2009).