Question

Answer the following questions in detail
1) Why are minority groups considered marginalised? what constitutional provisions have been provided to protect their rights?
2) What conditions are essential for the production of hydrapower?
3)What measure were taken by the birtish to suppress the revolt? ​

Answer 1

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• Climate should be suitable i.e rivers should not freeze during winter.
• Mountain area where water falls from a height should be available.
• Permanent supply of water should be ensured by perennial rivers.
• Water of river should be silt free.

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The British tried to suppress the rebellion by: (i) Passing number of Acts, which not only had put the whole of North India under martial law but military officers and even ordinary Britons were given the power to try and punish Indians suspected of rebellion.

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Answer 2

Explanation:

1) Their marginalisation can be because they speak a different language, follow different customs or belong to a different religious group from the majority community. They may also feel marginalised because they are poor, considered to be of 'low' social status and viewed as being less human than others.

Article 16 of the Constitution of India ensures equality in public employment. This article specifically empowers the state to fix reservation for SC/ST/OBC in government jobs. Similarly article 15 empowers the government/state to affix reservation for admission in educational institutes for socially and educationally backward or SC/ST class. Based on this every educational institutes and public employment opportunities has fix quota or seats for the reserved class. The policy of reservation is supported by various laws and regulation formulate by the government. The amendment of 1995 in COI, empowers the state to make reservation in promotion and the objective to achieve the equality in status. In fact few states have reserved seats for women in various educational institutes and government jobs. The abovementioned is an instance of efforts made for the advancement of marginalised section of the society.

The article 17 abolished the untouchability and prohibited its practice in any form. The special laws were formed, which made untouchability practice as punishable offence. In similar manner, title was abolished with the objective to remove discrimination and advancement of marginalised section. The constitution of India states that every Individual has freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of the religion. The holy book of laws allows minorities to do every act for the protection of their culture, language and interests. Minorities have complete right to establish and administer educational institutions. The government is providing all financial support and assistance to minorities in establishing their educational institutes.

The Article 21-A, was inserted through 2002 amendment in COI, which is the biggest step towards the upliftment of the marginalised section of the society. It ensures free and compulsory education to the children between 6 to 14 years of age. Beside that all directive principles such as equal pay for equal work, Right to work, Duty to raise standard of living, Protection of childhood, Living wage etc, as inserted in COI have objective of upliftment of the sections which are categorised as marginalised because of religion, poverty, caste etc. There are certain acts which are beyond the barrier of fundamental rights. For example; The Himachal Pradesh Land ceiling act, prohibit an outsider to purchase land in the territory of HP. However this seems to be against the principle of equality but it has been done with the purpose to ensure, protect the residence of tribes and poor states. In similar way there are many Special acts, which are protected by the Schedule 9 of the constitution of India with the purpose to uplift the marginalised section of the society.

There are many Acts passed by the Imperial Legislative Council between 1861 and 1947 as per the changes in society and post independent beside the shield of Constitution, there are various schemes inaugurated by the Governments from time to time for the welfare of Dalits, poor and minorities, for example; National Commission for backward class Act, Scheme of MANREGA, Food security act, Central Skill Board Act, Policy on upliftment of tribes and improvement of Human Index, Baba Ambedkar Scheme, Minimum wages act, Labour laws, Recent Scheme of government for improvement of female ratio i.e. “Beti bachao, Beti Padao” etc. The unfortunate part is marginalised section of society is used as tool to secure and achieve the political agendas. It is the utter need of time that individual should contribute in the formation of strong social fabric by removing discrimination and ensuring equality.

2) Climate should be suitable i.e rivers should not freeze during winter.

Mountain area where water falls from a height should be available.

Permanent supply of water should be ensured by perennial rivers.

Water of river should be silt free.

3) The British tried to suppress the rebellion by: (i) Passing number of Acts, which not only had put the whole of North India under martial law but military officers and even ordinary Britons were given the power to try and punish Indians suspected of rebellion.