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11. Qutub-ud-din Aibak
12.Chroniclers such as Isami, Sirhindi, Badauni, Firishta, and Nizamuddin Ahmad attribute Razia's intimacy with Yaqut as a major cause of her downfall. In 1238–1239, Malik Izzuddin Kabir Khan Ayaz – the governor of Lahore – rebelled against Razia, and she marched against him, forcing him to flee to Sodhra.
13.Malik Kafur, also known as Taj al-Din Izz al-Dawla, was a prominent slave-general of the Delhi Sultanate ruler Alauddin Khalji. He was captured by Alauddin's general Nusrat Khan during the 1299 invasion of Gujarat, and rose to prominence in the 1300s.
14.Iqtadars were governors of small land areas or iqtas. Iqtadars were basically military commanders who had to accompany the king during wars. The iqtas were assigned by the king to the these commanders or iqtadars in lieu of the services extended by them.
15.The army consists of infantry, cavalry and elephant corps. A sort of mechanical artillery, consisting of various crude machines like manjaniqs, mangos was used. Increased the power and prestige of Ariz-i-Mamalik. Cash payment to soldiers.
11. Qutb al-Din Aibak
Sultan of Delhi
12.
Where Sultan Razia was imprisoned
Rana Safvi
27 MAY 2018 00:02 IST
UPDATED: 27 MAY 2018 13:11 IST
In Bathinda, the oldest surviving fort in India
After reading for the first time the story of Sultan Razia, the first and only woman emperor who ruled from Delhi, I was eager to visit Bathinda where she was imprisoned by Malik Altunia, her governor and then husband.
I had my chance some weeks back. Seeing the thick walls of the fort from a distance, I thought of Sultan Razia confined within them, while the birds flying over the walls were a reminder of the freedom that she did not enjoy.
According to Subhash Parihar’s Islamic Architecture of Punjab, the fort of Bhattrinda (bhatti means jungle and rinda means haunt) is named after the Bhatti clan of the Rajputs who lived there. During the Sultanate period, the fort was known as Tabarhinda. Bathinda is the name given to the fort after Independence.
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History of the fort
There are many theories about who built the fort. Some believe that it was Kanishka in the 2nd century; some others believe that it was Bhatti Rao, the king of Punjab, who built it and whose name also inspired the name of the city; while some say that it was Raja Dab who built in in 90-110 CE.
This is the site of the oldest surviving fort in India. It was built on a rock on the river Ravi, although now the river has shifted course. It was located very strategically — on the route from Multan to Delhi. Mohammad Muizuddin bin Sam, or Mohammad of Ghor, attacked and captured the fort in 1191. Prithviraj Chauhan, who was equally aware of the fort’s importance, launched a counterattack immediately and recaptured the fort. Muizuddin barely escaped. During the reign of Sultan Razia, Malik Ikhtiyar-ud Din Altunia was appointed as the Governor of Bathinda. When the Turkish slaves conspired against her, Malik Altunia, who was part of their clique, rose in revolt against Sultan Razia. At the gates of Tabarhinda, her trusted mentor, Jamaluddin Yaqut, was killed by the Turkish nobles. She was arrested and imprisoned in the Qila-e-Mubarak of Tabarhinda.
As I entered the huge gateway of the fort, I was told that Sultan Razia had in fact stayed in the Rani Mahal which was just above the gateway. She would have looked at the same walls that I was looking at. After months in captivity, Sultan Razia decided to ally with Malik Altunia and married him. They set off to recapture the throne of Delhi which had been usurped by the nobles who had enthroned her brother Muizuddin Bahram Shah. They didn’t succeed and both were murdered.
As it was essentially a military outpost, the fort of Tabarhinda lost its importance and Sirhind became a more popular route to Lahore and Multan.
The fort was in the control of the Bhatti chiefs till it was conquered by Maharaja Ala Singh, the first ruler of Patiala, with the help of the Sikh confederate in 1754. They renamed it Gobindgarh after the tenth Guru, Guru Gobind Singh. This is the only fort made of bricks and whatever we see now of its massive brick walls and gateway was constructed under the Patiala kings. They used Nanak Shahi bricks which are slimmer and more resilient than the other bricks used in that era.