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Q1. The doctrine of lapse was an annexation policy applied by the British east India Company in India until 1859. According to the doctrine, any Indian princely state under the suzerainty of the British East India Company (the dominant imperial power in the subcontinent), as a vassal state under the British subsidiary system, would have its princely status abolished (and therefore be annexed into British India) if the ruler was either "manifestly incompetent or died without a male heir". Jhansi and Nagpur were affected by the policy.
Q2. a renewable resource can replenish itself at the rate it is used, while a nonrenewable resource has a limited supply.
Q3. The Indian Constitution ensures its objectives of a secular state in the following manner: One religious community does not dominate another. Some members do not dominate other members of the same religious community. The State does not enforce any particular religion or take away the religious freedom of individuals.
Q4. Calligraphists are professionals who specialize in the art of beautiful writing. In the early years of the 19th century, the British government employed the services of many calligraphists to carefully copy out official documents and write them down beautifully for future records.
Q5. Constitution tells us what the fundamental nature of our society is. A country is usually made up of different communities of people who share certain beliefs but may not necessarily agree on all issues. A Constitution helps serve as a set of rules and principles that all persons in a country can agree upon as the basis of the way in which they want the country to be governed. This includes not only the type of government but also an agreement on certain ideals that they all believe the country should uphold.
Q6. Main features of the new judicial system introduced by Warren Hastings in India: In 1772, a new system of justice was established. Each district in India was to have two courts—a civil court known as diwani adalat and a criminal court known as faujdari adalat. maulvis and pundits were appointed to interpret Indian laws for European district collectors. the criminal courts were under a Qazi and a mufti but were under the watch of the collectors. the supreme court of India was established under the regulating act of 1773. to bring uniformity in laws, Hindus and Muslims were codified.
Q7. 1. People are entitled to a healthy and productive life in harmony with nature.
2. Development today must not undermine the development and environment needs of present and future generations.
3. Nations have the sovereign right to exploit their own resources but without causing environmental damage beyond their borders.
4. Nations shall develop international laws to provide compensation for damage that activities under their control cause to areas beyond their borders.
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