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9. The gymnosperms are classified as- Cycadophyta, Ginkophyta, Gnetophyta, Coniferophyta.

10. Prop roots – These roots develop from the branches of the tree, hang downwards, and penetrate into the ground thereby supporting the tree. Example: Roots of the banyan tree and Rubber plant.

11. Pollinium is a mass of cohering pollen grains which are are produced by Orchid like plants. Pollinia are basically help in pollination. example -pollinia are found in the flowers of calotropis.