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Answer 1

We will be using the Fubini's Theorem.

Fubini's Theorem

If f is a continuous function on a Rectangle R: [a,b] $\times$ [c,d], then

$\boxed{\sf\displaystyle \iint_R f(x,y)\, dx\, dy = \int\limits_c^d \left( \int\limits_a^b f(x,y) \, dx \right) \,dy = \int\limits_a^b \left( \int\limits_c^d f(x,y) \, dy \right) \,dx }$

Fubini's Theorem helps us change the order of integrals without affecting the value of integral.

Here, the limits of x are from 0 to 1, while the limits of y go from 0 to $\sqrt{1-x^2}$.

It is clear that integrating this is going to be difficult. However, if we are able to change the order of integrals, the integration should become easier. Let's proceed to do just that!

It is fairly intuitive to see that this integration is being done over a domain which is a circle. And a circular domain is a continuous one. So, we can and will use the Fubini's Theorem.

To change the order, we must bring the limits of x in terms of y.

The limits of y are from 0 to $\bf\sqrt{1-x^2}$.

Consider:

$y=\sqrt{1-x^2} \\ \\ \\ \implies y^2=1-x^2 \\ \\ \\ \implies x^2+y^2 = 1 \quad \textsf{which is a circle} \\ \\ \\ \implies x = \sqrt{1-y^2}$

shows the original integral of value of y ranging from 0 to $\sqrt{1-x^2}$. So, it is a semicircle in the Positive y direction.

This inner integral can be visualized as the little green strip moving horizontally along the x axis. This strip represents the part of domain.

Also, the limits of x are from 0 to 1. This reduces the domain of the integral.

Now, we surely know that the domain of the integral is a unit circle in the first quadrant.

. It shows the order of integrals changed.

We see that by changing limits of x as x from 0 to $\sqrt{1-y^2}$, the limits of y also change. The new limits are y = 0 to y = 1.

This new inner integral in form of x can be visualized as a narrow strip running vertically, with y varying from 0 to 1.

Hence, we can now calculate the integral:

$\sf\displaystyle \int\limits_{0}^{1} dx \int\limits_{0}^{\sqrt{1-x^{2}}} \frac{dy}{(1+e^{y})\sqrt{1-x^{2}-y^{2}}}\\\\\\ =\int\limits_{0}^{1} dy \int\limits_{0}^{\sqrt{1-y^{2}}} \frac{dx}{(1+e^{y})\sqrt{1-x^{2}-y^{2}}}\\\\\\ =\int\limits_{0}^{1} \frac{dy}{1+e^y} \int\limits_{0}^{\sqrt{1-y^{2}}} \frac{dx}{\sqrt{\left(\sqrt{1-y^2}\right)^2-x^{2}}}$

$\boxed{\begin{minipage}{15 em} \textsf{Use the identity:}\\ \\ \displaystyle\sf \int \frac{dx}{\sqrt{x^2-a^2}} = \sin^{-1} \left(\frac{x}{a} \right) + c\\ \\ \\ \textsf{Here we have a de\ \!\!finite integral,}\\\textsf{so +c won't occur} \end{minipage}}$

$\displaystyle\sf = \int\limits_{0}^{1} \frac{dy}{1+e^y}\left[\sin^{-1} \left(\frac{x}{\sqrt{1-y^2}}\right) \right]_{0}^{\sqrt{1-y^2}}\\\\\\ = \int\limits_{0}^{1} \frac{dy}{1+e^y}\left[\sin^{-1} \left(\frac{\sqrt{1-y^2}}{\sqrt{1-y^2}}\right)-\sin^{-1} \left(\frac{0}{\sqrt{1-y^2}}\right)\right]\\\\\\ = \int\limits_{0}^{1} \frac{dy}{1+e^y}\left[\sin^{-1} (1)-\sin^{-1} (0) \right] \\\\\\ = \int\limits_{0}^{1} \frac{dy}{1+e^y}\left(\frac{\pi}{2}-0\right)$

$\sf\displaystyle = \frac{\pi}{2} \int\limits_{0}^{1} \frac{dy}{1+e^y}\\\\\\ \boxed{\begin{minipage}{10em} \sf\textsf{Put }1+e^y=t\\\\\implies e^y \, dy = dt \\ \\ \implies dy = \dfrac{dt}{e^y} = \dfrac{dt}{t-1} \end{minipage}}\:\boxed{\begin{minipage}{15em} \sf \textsf{Regarding the Limits}\\ \\ At\ y=0, t=e^0+1=1+1=\bold{2} \\ \\ \\ At\ y=1, t=e^1+1=\bold{e+1} \end{minipage}}\\\\\\ = \frac{\pi}{2} \int\limits_2^{e+1} \frac{dt}{t(t-1)}\\\\\\ \textsf{Let's split this as Partial Fractions}$

$\sf\displaystyle = \frac{\pi}{2} \int\limits_2^{e+1} \frac{dt}{t(t-1)}\\\\\\ = \frac{\pi}{2} \int\limits_2^{e+1}\left( \frac{t-(t-1)}{t(t-1)}\right) dy \\\\\\ = \frac{\pi}{2}\int\limits_2^{e+1}\left( \frac{1}{t-1}-\frac{1}{t}\right)dy\\\\\\ = \frac{\pi}{2}\left(\int\limits_2^{e+1}\frac{dy}{t-1}-\int\limits_2^{e+1}\frac{dy}{t}\right)\\\\\\ = \frac{\pi}{2} \left[ \ln (t-1) - ln(t) \right]_2^{e+1} \\\\\\ = \frac{\pi}{2}\left[\ln\left(\frac{t-1}{t}\right)\right]_2^{e+1}}$

$\sf\displaystyle =\frac{\pi}{2}\left[\ln\left(\frac{e+1-1}{e+1}\right)-\ln\left(\frac{2-1}{2}\right)\right]\\\\\\ = \frac{\pi}{2}\left[\ln\left(\frac{e}{e+1}\right)-\ln\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)\right]\\\\\\ = \frac{\pi}{2}\ln\left(\frac{2e}{e+1}\right)$

Thus,

$\Large\boxed{\sf\displaystyle\int\limits_{0}^{1} dx \int\limits_{0}^{\sqrt{1-x^{2}}} \frac{dy}{(1+e^{y})\sqrt{1-x^{2}-y^{2}}} = \frac{\pi}{2}\ln\left(\frac{2e}{e+1}\right)}$

Hence, we see that changing the order of integrals by Fubini's Theorem can greatly simplify calculations, and helps to find the value of the integrals as well.

Answer 2

Answer:

y=

1−x

2

⟹y

2

=1−x

2

⟹x

2

+y

2

=1which is a circle

⟹x=

1−y

2