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Attack by 600 Santhals upon a party of 50 sepoys, 40th regiment native infantryAttack by 600 Santhals upon a party of 50 sepoys, 40th regiment native infantry
Snapshort Histories
The Forgotten Santhal Revolt of 1855
By Kritika Sarda
July 15, 2017 at 2:02 AM
Just two years before the revolt of 1857, there was another revolt in North India against the British. On one side were tribes fighting with bows and arrows and on the other were the British and their agents, the Zamindars with the latest weapons. Sadly, this great Santhal Revolt, fought in the jungles of Jharkhand and West Bengal finds just a one-line mention in our school history books. Not only was this an uprising of great importance, the root cause behind it, the rights to tribal lands, became the basis of a more recent and deadly movement that continues to fester- the infamous Naxalite movement in India. History truly is a continuum and it is important to understand the past, to make sense of the present.
The Santhals are a tribal community inhabiting large parts of Jharkhand, West Bengal, Bihar and Odisha. They speak Santhali language and worship their own gods. Till the 18th century, Santhals lived in the thick forests of the region and practiced hunting. However, political events far away would have significant impact on their lives.
The Santhals of Jharkhand in present dayThe Santhals of Jharkhand in present day
After the Battle of Plassey in 1757 CE, the control of Bengal passed to the British East India Company. A large chunk of the area inhabited by Santhals came under British rule. Soon the British began to clear the forests in order to grow cash crops such as jute, poppy and indigo. This was followed by the introduction of the famous ‘Permanent Settlement’ or the Zamindari system by Lord Cornwallis in 1793 CE. Under this 'settlement' it was agreed that landlords would have perpetual and hereditary rights over the land, so long as they paid a fixed revenue to the British Government.
To create this new breed of Zamindars, the British auctioned away large tracts of land belonging to the Santhals, to anyone who would guarantee them these fixed revenues. A lot of rich Indians based in cities bought zamindaris in these far off forests and pretty soon, started exploiting people there. With the introduction of the Zamindari system, the Santhals lost all rights to their land. They were reduced to hired labourers working in the fields for these new ‘landlords’. This also brought to an end, the old tribal systems and political structures that had continued here for generations. The Zamindar and his men were in control.
Another great blow to the Santhals was the introduction of currency. Santhals followed the barter system, but the Zamindars had to be paid in cash. This meant that they had to borrow money at very high interest rates from money lenders. The tweezers grip of money lenders and the loss of identity, created a deep sense of resentment among the Santhals.
Lord Cornawallis who introduced the Permanent Settlement in 1793 CE Lord Cornawallis who introduced the Permanent Settlement in 1793 CE
As years passed things got worse. The exploitation at the hands of the local zamindars and the British led to an armed revolt. The Santhal rebellion of 1855 CE was called Hul, which in the local language means a movement for liberation.
The rebellion was headed by the four brothers of the Murmu clan - Sidhu, Kanhu, Chand and Bhairav and their two sisters Phulo and Jhano. Born in a clan of Santhali priests , they lived in the village of Bognadih in Sahibganj district in Jharkhand. One day in June 1855, Sidhu Murmu claimed that he had a divine revelation that oppression can only be overthrown by armed rebellion. The brothers sent emissaries across Santhal lands with Sal (Shorea robusta) branches as a secret form of communication.
A British Regiment attacking a Santhal villageA British Regiment attacking a Santhal village
On 7th July, 1855 CE, a huge number of Santhals assembled in a field in Bhognadih village. They declared themselves free and took an oath under the leadership of Sidhu Murmu and Kanhu Murmu to fight till their last breath against the British and their agents. This act of the Santhals sent alarm bells ringing and the British sent a police agent who tried to arrest the brothers. The Santhals reacted violently to this and killed the police agent and his companions.
This triggered a series of conflicts between the English East India Company’s army and the Santhals leading to a full-fledged war. The Santhals captured a large tract of land extending from the Rajmahal Hills