Question

Anti- colonialisum in the china​

Answer 1

Explanation:

I think this will help you

Answer 2

Explanation:

The last decade has seen increasing educational exchanges between

American and Chinese students, but educators often find it difficult

to reach consensus over many issues concerning modern Chinese

history, and the US–China relationship in particular. Their divergences

originate from the different ways modern history is taught in these two

countries. As many readers of this journal are already familiar with the

American educational system, this article is an introductory overview of

how China’s modern history is taught at Chinese universities and colleges,

and how history education shapes Chinese students’ understanding of

their own country and the world.

Unlike their American counterparts, the administrations of Chinese

universities and colleges, including entrance examinations and curricu-

lum provision, are tightly controlled by the state. According to a directive

jointly issued in 2006 by the Ministry of Education and the Department of

Propaganda of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) Central Committee,

it is mandatory for all undergraduate students enrolled at Chinese univer-

sities and colleges—except foreign students and those majoring in histo-

ry—to take the course The Outline of Modern Chinese History (Zhongguo

Jinxiandai Shi Gangyao). The Ministry of Education also mandates the use

of one course textbook with the same title as the course. The Outline of

Modern Chinese History begins with the first Opium War of 1839–1842

and ends with the present. This course, however, is not categorized as “his-

tory education” but as “political education” instead, along with three other

courses required for students of the same nature:

1. Basic Theories of Marxism

2. Introduction to Mao Zedong’s Thought, Deng Xiaoping’s

Theory, and the Important Thought of “Three Represents”

3. Ideological and Moral Education and Elements of Law

Despite the confusing titles, these courses are designed to serve

the same purpose of inculcating the ideology of the CCP to students. The

Outline of Modern Chinese History's preface is a useful indicator of the

book’s ideological objectives:

[This book] is mainly about the history of Chinese people resisting for-

eign aggressions, struggling for national independence, overthrowing

reactionary rule, and achieving people’s liberation. [It] helps students

acquire knowledge of the history and situation of their country, and

deeply understand how history and people chose Marxism, the Chinese

Communist Party, and the Socialist road.1

The choices of Marxism, the Communist Party, and the Socialist

road constitute the major themes of the required textbooks. These “three

choices” derive from a June 1949 article by CCP Chairman Mao Zedong

in honor of the twenty-eighth anniversary of the founding of his party, ti-

tled “On the Democratic Dictatorship of the People.” In his article, Mao

attempted to legitimize the new Communist regime by reinterpreting the

history of China since the first Opium War. He made three historical in-

terpretations in the article: First, ever since the mid-nineteenth century,

China had been suffering countless humiliations and bitterness brought

about by the Western imperialists and corrupt “feudal” rulers. Second,

the “progressive” Chinese intellectuals tried various ways, such as peasant