Question

Any genius,,,,, please give me answer,,, ( write the summary of the following passage in your own words. No marks shall be awarded for the copied sentence)..

Aristotle did not invent the term “imitation”. Plato was the first to use the word in relation with poetry, but Aristotle breathed into it a new definite meaning. So poetic imitation is no longer considered mimicry, but is regarded as an act of imaginative creation by which the poet, drawing his material from the phenomenal world, makes something new out of it.


In Aristotle's view, principle of imitation unites poetry with other fine arts and is the common basis of all the fine arts. It thus differentiates the fine arts from the other category of arts. While Plato equated poetry with painting, Aristotle equates it with music. It is no longer a servile depiction of the appearance of things, but it becomes a representation of the passions and emotions of men which are also imitated by music. Thus Aristotle by his theory enlarged the scope of imitation. The poet imitates not the surface of things but the reality embedded within.
The medium of the poet and the painter are different. One imitates through form and colour, and the other through language, rhythm and harmony. The musician imitates through rhythm and harmony. Thus, poetry is more akin to music. Further, the manner of a poet may be purely narrative, as in the Epic, or depiction through action, as in drama. Even dramatic poetry is differentiated into tragedy and comedy accordingly as it imitates man as better or worse.

Aristotle says that the objects of poetic imitation are “men in action”. The poet represents men as worse than they are. He can represent men better than in real life based on material supplied by history and legend rather than by any living figure. The poet selects and orders his material and recreates reality. He brings order out of Chaos. The irrational or accidental is removed and attention is focused on the lasting and the significant. Thus he gives a truth of an ideal kind. His mind is not tied to History tells us what actually happened; poetry what may happen. Poetry tends to express the universal, history the particular. In this way, he exhibits the superiority of poetry over history. The poet freed from the tyranny of facts, takes a larger or general view of things.

Answer 1

Aristotle was a Greek philosopher and scientist, better known as the teacher of Alexander the Great. He was a student of Plato and is considered an important figure in Western Philosophy. Famous for his writings on physics, metaphysics, poetry, theater, music, logic, rhetoric, linguistics, politics, government, ethics, biology, and zoology, he is considered much ahead of his time. His writings constitute the first comprehensive system of Western philosophy which includes views about morality and aesthetics, logic and science, politics and metaphysics. This system became the supporting pillar of both Islamic and Christian scholastic thought. It is even said that he was perhaps the last man who had the knowledge of all the known fields at that time. His intellectual knowledge ranged from every known field of science and arts of that era. His writing includes work in physics, chemistry, biology, zoology, botany, psychology, political theory, logic, metaphysics, history, literary theory and rhetoric. One of his greatest achievements was formulating a finished system also known as Aristotelian syllogistic. His other significant contribution was towards the development of zoology. It is true that Aristotle’s zoology is now obsolete but his work and contribution was unchallenged till the 19th century. His contribution towards almost all subjects on earth and its influence makes him one of the most famous and top personalities of all time.

(born 384, Stagira — died 322 BC, Chalcis) Greek philosopher and scientist whose
thought determined the course of Western intellectual history for two millenia. He
was the son of the court physician to Amyntas III, grandfather of Alexander the Great.
In 367 he became a student at the Academy of Plato in Athens; he remained there for
20 years. After Plato's death in 348/347, he returned to Macedonia, where he became
tutor to the young Alexander. In 335 he founded his own school in Athens, the
Lyceum. His intellectual range was vast, covering most of the sciences and many of
the arts. He worked in physics, chemistry, biology, zoology, and botany; in
psychology, political theory, and ethics; in logic and metaphysics; and in history,
literary theory, and rhetoric. He invented the study of formal logic, devising for it a
finished system, known as syllogistic, that was considered the sum of the discipline
until the 19th century; his work in zoology, both observational and theoretical, also
was not surpassed until the 19th century. His ethical and political theory, especially
interpolations of notes made by his students; the texts were
edited and given their present form by Andronicus of Rhodes in the 1st cent. B.C.
Chief among them are the Organum, consisting of six treatises on logic; Physics;
Metaphysics; De Anima [on the soul]; Nicomachean Ethics and Eudemian Ethics; De
Poetica [poetics]; Rhetoric; and a series of works on biology and physics. In the late
19th cent. his Constitution of Athens, an account of Athenian government, was found.
Philosophy
Logic and Metaphysics
Aristotle placed great emphasis in his school on direct observation of nature, and in
science he taught that theory must follow fact. He considered philosophy to be the
discerning of the self-evident, changeless first principles that form the basis of all
knowledge. Logic was for Aristotle the necessary tool of any inquiry, and the
syllogism was the sequence that all logical thought follows. He introduced the notion
of category into logic and taught that reality could be classified according to several
categories—substance (the primary category), quality, quantity, relation,
determination in time and space, action, passion or passivity, position, and condition.
Aristotle also taught that knowledge of a thing, beyond its classification and
description, requires an explanation of causality, or why it is. He posited four causes
or principles of explanation: the material cause ( .