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Answers
Explanation:
The hydrides of carbon (hydrocarbons) and their derivatives are called organic compounds. The branch of chemistry which deals with these compounds is called organic chemistry.
Berzelius (1808) defined organic chemistry as the chemistry of substances found in living matter and gave the vital force theory. Synthesis of urea. the first organic compound synthesised in laboratory, by Wohler. gave death blow to the vital force theory.
Acetic acid is the first organic compound synthesised from its elements.
Reasons for Large Number of Organic Compounds
(a) Catenation It is the tendency of self combination and is maximum in carbon. A carbon atom can combine with other carbon atoms by single, double or triple bonds. Thus, it forms more compounds than the others.
(b) Tetravalency and small size Carbon being tetravalent, is capable of bonding with four other C atoms or some other monovalent atoms. Carbon can form compound with oxygen. hydrogen. chlorine, sulphur, nitrogen and phosphorus. These compounds have specific properties depending upon the nature of the element or group attached with the carbon.
Furthermore, these compounds are exceptionally stable because of the small size of carbon.
General Characteristics of Organic Compounds
1. These are the compounds of carbon with H, 0, N, S, P, F, CI, Br and 1.
2. These are generally found in living organisms. e.g., carbohydrates, proteins etc.
3. These may be gases, liquids or solids.
4. Being covalent in nature, these have low boiling point and melting point and soluble in organic solvents.
5. These are generally volatile and inflammable.
6. They do not conduct electricity because of the absence of free ions.
7. They possess distinct colour and odour.
Classification of Carbon Atoms
1. On the Basis of Number of C Attached
(i) Primary carbon atom When carbon atom is attached with one other carbon atom only, it is called primary or 1° carbon atom.
(ii) Secondary carbon atom When carbon atom is attached with two other carbon atoms, it is called secondary or 2°carbon atom.
(iii) Tertiary carbon atom When carbon atom is attached with three other carbon atoms, it is called tertiary or 3° carbon atom.
(iv) Quaternary carbon atom When carbon atom is attached with four other carbon atoms, it is called quaternary or 40 carbon atom.
Reactivity order of carbon atoms is as follows 3° > 2° > 1°.
CBSE Class 11 Chemistry Notes General Organic Chemistry
On the Basis of Position of Functional Group
(i) α – carbon Carbon which is directly attached to the functional group.
(ii) β- carbon Carbon which is directly attached to the n-carbon.
Classification of Hydrogen Atoms
1°-hydrogen (primary) attached to 10-carbon,
2°-hydrogen (secondary) attached to 2°-carbon.
3°-hydrogen (tertiary) attached to 3°·carbon.
α- hydrogen(s) Hydrogens which are attached to n-carbon atom.
β – hydrogen(s) Hydrogens which are attached to ~-carbon atom.
CBSE Class 11 Chemistry Notes General Organic Chemistry
Functional Group
The atom e.g., -CI, -Br etc., or group of atoms e.g., -COOH, – CHO, which is responsible for the chemical properties of the molecule, is
called functional group.
Double and triple bonds are also functional groups.
R – F ← functional group.
R is called alkyl group, it contains only single bond; alkenyl group if contains double bond and alkynyl group if contains triple bond.
Homologous Series
The series in which the molecular formula of adjacent members differ by a – CH2 unit, is called homologous series and the individual members are called homologous. e.g., The homologous series of alkene group is