any two methods of cancer detection
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Different cancers are discovered in different ways. Detecting cancer, or cancer diagnosis, always entails detailed examination.
Following a clinical examination by a doctor, a patient may undergo different methods of imaging and be referred for laboratory testing. The final cancer diagnosis is based on a pathologist’s opinion.
Clinical examination
A general practitioner carries out a clinical examination of a patient. The doctor also considers the patient’s family background and charts the most common risk factors for cancer.
Imaging
Cancer detection often involves radiological imaging. Imaging is also used to check the spread of cancer and progress of treatment, and to monitor cancer.
Oncological imaging is continually becoming more varied and accurate. Different imaging techniques aim to find the most suitable treatment option for each patient. Imaging techniques are often used in combination to obtain sufficient information.
The most common imaging method used to detect cancer and monitor its spread is Computed Tomography (CT), which provides cross-sectional imaging by computer. CT scans are made using X-rays.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a procedure that uses powerful magnetic fields. This does not generate ionising radiation. Situations where MRI is used include examining cancer or sarcoma in the head and neck region.
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) is based on the faster metabolic rate of cancer cells compared to normal cells. With PET imaging the patient is given a radioactive tracer that is detected by scintigraphy. PET images can also be combined with CT.
Ultra sound examination is useful for examining the cervix, pancreas, liver and kidneys. Needle biopsies can also be taken in ultra sound examinations.
Endoscopic examinations are usually for inspecting the gastrointestinal tract, bronchial tubes, cervix, prostrate, bladder or head and neck region.
In mammography, an X-ray image is used to examine breast tumours. Mammography is also used in breast cancer screening.
In isotopic diagnostics a radioactive tracer is introduced into the patient’s body. The marker goes to the organ to be examined and various imaging methods can be used to determine whether the cancer has spread. Isotopic diagnostics can be used to identify the prevalence cancers such as breast, prostate and colorectal cancer.
Laboratory tests and cancer markers
Laboratory tests are carried out at the point when it is suspected that a patient has cancer. Normally, a blood sample is taken for monitoring blood counts.
With some cancers, determining cancer markers is useful. The number of tumour markers varies according to the cancer activity in the blood stream. Tumour markers can be used in cancer detection, monitoring and prognosis evaluation. The occurrence of markers can be established by a blood test.
Tumour markers are secreted by tumour tissue into the blood. Detecting tumour markers or their concentration may indicate the emergence of cancer or its recurrence. The sensitivity and accuracy of markers vary, and increase in their concentration does not always indicate the presence of cancer. They might not even be found in all cancer patients.
Examples of tumour markers include prostate-specific antigen (PSA) for prostate cancer and cancer antigen (CA) 15.3 for breast cancer
Explanation:
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Explanation:
Imaging tests. Imaging tests allow your doctor to examine your bones and internal organs in a noninvasive way. Imaging tests used in diagnosing cancer may include a computerized tomography (CT) scan, bone scan, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET) scan, ultrasound and X-ray, among others.
Biopsy. During a biopsy, your doctor collects a sample of cells for testing in the laboratory. There are several ways of collecting a sample. Which biopsy procedure is right for you depends on your type of cancer and its location. In most cases, a biopsy is the only way to definitively diagnose cancer.