Question

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Answer 1

Answer:

1. ALKANES

(CnH2n + 2)

Formula

carbons (n) Name

Number of Number of

carbons (n) Name

Formula

(CnH2n + 2)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Methane

Ethane

Propane

Butane

Pentane

Hexane

Heptane

Octane

Nonane

Decane

CH4

C2H6

C3H8

C4H10

C5H12

C6H14

C7H16

C8H18

C9H20

C10H22

Table 1 Straight-chain alkane (n-alkane) names

The suffix -ane is added to the end of each name to show that the compound is an alkane. Thus,

butane is the four-carbon alkane, heptane is the seven-carbon alkane, and so on. The names of the first

ten alkanes, given in Table 1, should be memorized. Larger alkanes, such as icosane (C20H42), have

more complicated names and are outside the scope of this course.

If one hydrogen atom is removed from an alkane, the remaining part of the molecule is called an alkyl

group. Alkyl groups are named by replacing the -ane ending of the parent alkane by an -yl ending. For

example, removing a hydrogen atom from methane gives the methyl group. Similarly, removal of a

hydrogen from an end carbon of any n-alkane produces the series of straight-chain alkyl (n-alkyl)

groups show in Table 2.

Alkane Alkyl group

Table 2 Straight-chain alkyl (n-alkyl) groups

Alkane Alkyl group

CH4

CH3CH3

CH3CH2CH3

CH3CH2CH2CH3

Methane

Ethane

Propane

Butane

Methyl (Me)

Ethyl (Et)

Propyl(Pr)

Butyl (Bu)

(Abbreviations in parentheses)

CH3−

CH3CH2−

CH3CH2CH2− or n-C3H7

CH3CH2CH2CH2− or n-C4H9

Using the IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) rules, most branched-chain

alkanes can be named by the following four steps. For more complex alkanes, a fifth step is needed.

Step 1 Find the parent hydrocarbon

a) Find the longest continuous carbon chain present in the molecule and use the name of

that chain as the parent name.

Explanation:

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