Question

Are there any models that explain the cause of the dual symmetry-breaking of the in electrodynamics?

Answer 1

Symmetry considerations dominate modern fundamental physics, both in quantum theory and in relativity. Philosophers are now beginning to devote increasing attention to such issues as the significance of gauge symmetry, quantum particle identity in the light of permutation symmetry, how to make sense of parity violation, the role of symmetry breaking, the empirical status of symmetry principles, and so forth. These issues relate directly to traditional problems in the philosophy of science, including the status of the laws of nature, the relationships between mathematics, physical theory, and the world, and the extent to which mathematics suggests new physics.

Answer 2

In either case, the D-instanton series is therefore asymptotic, much like the perturbative expansion in any quantum field theory.