Article on biotechnology genetically modified organisms
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Biotechnology: Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) in agriculture
One example of the many applications of modern biotechnology is the use of GMOs in the food production chain. GMOs are organisms such as plants, animals and micro-organisms (bacteria, viruses, etc.), the genetic characteristics of which have been modified artificially in order to give them a new property (a plant's resistance to a disease or insect, increased crop productivity, a plant's tolerance of a herbicide, etc.).
In order to ensure that this development of modern biotechnology, and more specifically of GMOs, is safe, the European Union has established a legal framework covering various aspects, for example:
the experimental release of GMOs into the environment, in other words the introduction of GMOs into the environment for experimental purposes (e.g. for field testing);
the placing on the market of GMOs intended for food or feed and of food or feed products containing, consisting of or produced from GMOs;
transboundary movements of GMOs between Member States and exports of GMOs to third countries;
the labelling and traceability requirements for GMOs and food products derived from GMOs must comply with when placed on the market.
Current Use of Genetically Modified Organisms

Figure 1
Agricultural plants are one of the most frequently cited examples of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). Some benefits of genetic engineering in agriculture are increased crop yields, reduced costs for food or drug production, reduced need for pesticides, enhanced nutrient composition and food quality, resistance to pests and disease, greater food security, and medical benefits to the world's growing population. Advances have also been made in developing crops that mature faster and tolerate aluminum, boron, salt, drought, frost, and other environmental stressors, allowing plants to grow in conditions where they might not otherwise flourish (Table 1; Takeda & Matsuoka, 2008). Other applications include the production of nonprotein (bioplastic) or nonindustrial (ornamental plant) products. A number of animals have also been genetically engineered to increase yield and decrease susceptibility to disease. For example, salmon have been engineered to grow larger (Figure 1) and mature faster (Table 1), and cattle have been enhanced to exhibit resistance to mad cow disease (United States Department of Energy, 2007).
Table 1: Examples of GMOs Resulting from Agricultural Biotechnology
Genetically Conferred TraitExample OrganismGenetic ChangeAPPROVED COMMERCIAL PRODUCTSHerbicide toleranceSoybeanGlyphosate herbicide (Roundup) tolerance conferred by expression of a glyphosate-tolerant form of the plant enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) isolated from the soil bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens, strain CP4Insect resistanceCornResistance to insect pests, specifically the European corn borer, through expression of the insecticidal protein Cry1Ab from Bacillus thuringiensisAltered fatty acid compositionCanolaHigh laurate levels achieved by inserting the gene for ACP thioesterase from the California bay tree Umbellularia californicaVirus resistancePlumResistance to plum pox virus conferred by insertion of a coat protein (CP) gene from the virusPRODUCTS STILL IN DEVELOPMENTVitamin enrichmentRiceThree genes for the manufacture of beta-carotene, a precursor to vitamin A, in the endosperm of the rice prevent its removal (from husks) during millingVaccinesTobaccoHepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) produced in transgenic tobacco induces immune response when injected into miceOral vaccinesMaizeFusion protein (F) from Newcastle disease virus (NDV) expressed in corn seeds induces an immune response when fed to chickensFaster maturationCoho salmonA type 1 growth hormone gene injected into fertilized fish eggs results in 6.2% retention of the vector at one year of age, as well as significantly increased growth rates
The pharmaceutical industry is another frontier for the use of GMOs. In 1986, human growth hormone was the first protein pharmaceutical made in plants (Barta et al., 1986), and in 1989, the first antibody was produced (Hiatt et al., 1989). Both research groups used tobacco, which has since dominated the industry as the most intensively studied and utilized plant species for the expression of foreign genes (Ma et al., 2003). As of 2003, several types of antibodies produced in plants had made it to clinical trials. The use of genetically modified animals has also been indispensible in medical research. Transgenic animalsare routinely bred to carry human genes, or mutations in specific genes, thus allowing the study of the progression and genetic determinants of various diseases.
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