Article on mutual understanding 200 words
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ESSAY CONTESTLECTURESLESSONS IN LEADERSHIPLASKER/NIH SCHOLARSIRRF INITIATIVEIBIOLOGY PARTNERSHIPINTERNSHIPS
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Mutual understanding: uncovering the mechanistic basis of the host-symbiont relationship in human health
Although rotation of the earth around the sun was first proposed by Copernicus, it took Galileo's telescope and Newton's laws of gravitation to demonstrate that heliocentric theory was irrefutably true. Likewise, although Darwin proposed natural selection as the means by which species originated and demonstrated that the natural world was consistent with this hypothesis, the work of Watson, Crick, and Wilkins elucidated the biochemical foundation of trait inheritance. The same opportunity to understand for the first time the mechanistic basis of an eminently significant natural phenomena now presents itself with regards to the integration of microbial symbionts and their human partners.
Recent developments are redefining the role for microorganisms in human health and disease. All multicellular organisms harbor a vast population of bacteria and other microorganisms and form symbiotic partnerships with at least some of their microbial inhabitants. This symbiosis is the product of an eons long and intimately intertwined evolutionary journey, producing a human host and microbial partners whose integrated function is a mutual necessity (1). A human being is thus better defined in its totality as a "metaorganism" composed of not one but many unique and complementary co-evolved genomes (2). The rules which guide the assembly and integrated function of the multi-organismal human being remain almost entirely unknown.
Mounting evidence suggests that dysfunction of the human-microbial symbiosis is a major driver in the pathogenesis of the most common ailments affecting mankind, including cancer, heart disease, diabetes, and even psychiatric disorders. We now know that germ-free laboratory animals are susceptible to gastrointestinal cancer brought on by exposure environmental carcinogens, suggesting that metabolism of exogenous toxins by the microbial community serves an important protection against the most damaging carcinogens. Microbes residing in the gut exert a systemic influence on carcinogenesis in organs that do not harbor a large number of indigenous microbes, and manipulation of the gut microbiota with antibiotics has been shown to reduce tumorigenesis in the liver, lung and breast in animal studies (3). Outgrowth of specific microbes may be an early indicator of minute changes within a patient. New clinical screening tools that evaluate the composition of the microbiome have recently been shown to improve identification of colorectal adenoma by more than 50-fold relative to screening based on algorithms incorporating all previously known risk factors (4).
ESSAY CONTESTLECTURESLESSONS IN LEADERSHIPLASKER/NIH SCHOLARSIRRF INITIATIVEIBIOLOGY PARTNERSHIPINTERNSHIPS
SHARE THIS PAGE
PROGRAMS:
Essay Contest
First place: David Hill
Mutual understanding: uncovering the mechanistic basis of the host-symbiont relationship in human health
Although rotation of the earth around the sun was first proposed by Copernicus, it took Galileo's telescope and Newton's laws of gravitation to demonstrate that heliocentric theory was irrefutably true. Likewise, although Darwin proposed natural selection as the means by which species originated and demonstrated that the natural world was consistent with this hypothesis, the work of Watson, Crick, and Wilkins elucidated the biochemical foundation of trait inheritance. The same opportunity to understand for the first time the mechanistic basis of an eminently significant natural phenomena now presents itself with regards to the integration of microbial symbionts and their human partners.
Recent developments are redefining the role for microorganisms in human health and disease. All multicellular organisms harbor a vast population of bacteria and other microorganisms and form symbiotic partnerships with at least some of their microbial inhabitants. This symbiosis is the product of an eons long and intimately intertwined evolutionary journey, producing a human host and microbial partners whose integrated function is a mutual necessity (1). A human being is thus better defined in its totality as a "metaorganism" composed of not one but many unique and complementary co-evolved genomes (2). The rules which guide the assembly and integrated function of the multi-organismal human being remain almost entirely unknown.
Mounting evidence suggests that dysfunction of the human-microbial symbiosis is a major driver in the pathogenesis of the most common ailments affecting mankind, including cancer, heart disease, diabetes, and even psychiatric disorders. We now know that germ-free laboratory animals are susceptible to gastrointestinal cancer brought on by exposure environmental carcinogens, suggesting that metabolism of exogenous toxins by the microbial community serves an important protection against the most damaging carcinogens. Microbes residing in the gut exert a systemic influence on carcinogenesis in organs that do not harbor a large number of indigenous microbes, and manipulation of the gut microbiota with antibiotics has been shown to reduce tumorigenesis in the liver, lung and breast in animal studies (3). Outgrowth of specific microbes may be an early indicator of minute changes within a patient. New clinical screening tools that evaluate the composition of the microbiome have recently been shown to improve identification of colorectal adenoma by more than 50-fold relative to screening based on algorithms incorporating all previously known risk factors (4).
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Mutual understanding is an act of two parties being in agreement over something, before coming to a mutual understanding there must have existed indifference in opinion, after undergoing an argument and laying down their strategies when they reach to point where each one gives his conditions and they will compile all their opinions and put them in the same cover in a process known as mutual agreement.
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