Question

At the time of independence, about 75 per cent of the country’s population was dependent on agriculture. Due to use of outdated technology and the absence of required infrastructure, the productivity in the agricultural sector was very low. India’s agriculture vitally depends on the monsoon and in case of shortage of monsoon, the farmers had to face a lot of troubles. The stagnation in agriculture during the colonial rule was permanently broken by the ‘Green Revolution’. Green revolution resulted in the large increase in production of food grains due to use of high yielding variety (HYV) seeds, especially for wheat and rice.
The Green Revolution is the spectacular advancement in the field of agriculture as a result of intensive and continued efforts of many agricultural scientists. Agricultural revolution occurred primarily due to the miracle of new wonder seeds, high yielding varieties (HYV) of seeds, which raised agricultural yield per acre to incredible heights. These seeds can be used in those places where there are adequate facilities for drainage and water supply. To get the largest possible production, these seeds need to be combined with heavy doses of chemical fertilizers. Compared with other ordinary seeds, these require four to ten times more fertilizers. So, in the context of India, to derive benefit from HYV seeds, farmers need reliable irrigation facilities and financial resources, to purchase fertilizers and pesticides. The Indian economy experienced the success of the Green Revolution in two phases. In the first phase (Mid 60s-Mid 70s), the use of HYV seeds was restricted to more affluent states (like Punjab, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, etc.). Further, the use of HYV seeds primarily benefited the wheat growing regions only. In the second phase (Mid 70s-Mid 80s), the HYV technology spread to a larger number of states and benefited more variety of crops.
The spread of Green Revolution technology enabled India to achieve self-sufficiency in food grains. India was no longer at the mercy of America, or any other nation, for the food requirements. The Green Revolution acted as a breakthrough and virtual transformation of India’s agriculture. It resulted in a manifold increase in food production. It helped in relieving
the country of persistent food shortages that were witnessed in the economy in the pre-revolution period. The use of High Yielding Varieties (HYV) of seeds brought about a sharp rise in the yield of land in respect of food grains. The adoption of this new technology increases the income of farmers. Peasants invested the increased income for the improvement of their farm organizations. In the first phase, benefits of increase in income were enjoyed by farmers of few states (Punjab, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Haryana and Western Uttar Pradesh). But, in the second phase, the benefits spread to a larger number of states. Green Revolution helped in creation of employment potential and absorption of excess labor force in the rural areas. It also led to effective use of labor. Agriculture became not only living farming but also commercial farming. The Green Revolution resulted in ‘Marketable Surplus’. Many industries, producing tractors, chemicals, fertilizers, pesticides, etc. were established as a result of the Green Revolution. In this way, there was a favorable impact of the green revolution on industrial development. The spread of Green Revolution technology enabled India to achieve self-sufficiency in food grains. Farmers favorably responded to this new strategy of inputs and it aroused new hopes and confidence for the future. A change in the mental attitude towards better farming is itself a progress in the right direction.
1.1 Based on your reading of the above passage, answer the following questions by choosing the best of the given choices. (1×2=2 marks)
(a) Productivity in agricultural sector was very low during independence because of
(i) outdated technology
(ii) absence of required infrastructure (iii) dependence on monsoon
(iv) all the above
(b) How are HYV seeds different from other seeds? (i) These seeds are not found in India
(ii) These seeds can be used everywhere
(iii) These seeds require more fertilizers
(iv) These seeds require less fertilizers
1.2 Answer the questions (c) to (f) briefly. (6 marks)
(c) What was permanently broken by the Green Revolution? (1)
(d) What was the main reason behind the success of the Agricultural Revolution? (2)
(e) How was the second phase of the Green Revolution more fruitful than the
(f) first phase? (2)
(g) In what way did the Green Revolution help in relieving the country of the persistent food shortage? (1)
1.3 Find words in the passage which mean the same as the following: (2 marks)
(a) necessary/sufficient (Para 2) (b) continuous (Para 3)

Answer 1

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