atmospheric refraction
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Atmospheric refraction is the deviation of light or other electromagnetic wave from a straight line as it passes through the atmosphere due to the variation in air density as a function of height.[1] This refraction is due to the velocity of light through air, decreasing (the refractive index increases) with increased density. Atmospheric refraction near the ground produces mirages. Such refraction can also raise or lower, or stretch or shorten, the images of distant objects without involving mirages. Turbulent air can make distant objects appear to twinkle or shimmer. The term also applies to the refraction of sound. Atmospheric refraction is considered in measuring the position of both celestial and terrestrial objects.
Explanation:
Atmospheric Refraction....
Refraction which takes place from Earth's atmosphere is called atmospheric refraction.
Different layers of Earth's atmosphere have different densities. Hence when light passes from it , it gets refracted .
Application of atmospheric refraction.
Twinkling of stars.....
In fact stars does not twinkle , they appear twinkling bcz of atmospheric refraction . When the star light passes from Earth's atmosphere it gets refracted and the star twinkles.
Planet does not twinkle bcz they don't have the light of their own . They are closer to the Earth , they are extending source of light and they nullify twinkling effect.