Question

Atoms or particles on a surface of a material experience​

Answer 1

Answer:

Solid surface atoms are scattered backward by a bombardment of energetic particles such as accelerated ions. This phenomenon is called sputtering. The sputtering phenomena are used for the deposition of thin films. In this chapter, fundamentals of thin films are shortly reviewed for a better understanding of sputtering phenomena and/or sputtering deposition of thin films. Historically, thin films have been used for more than half a century in making electronic devices, optical coatings, instrument hard coatings, and decorative parts. The thin film processing is a well-established material processing technology. Thin films are fabricated by the deposition of material atoms on a substrate. A thin film is defined as a low-dimensional material created by condensing, one-by-one, atomic/molecular/ionic species of matter.

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