Attention 50 points
Write a short note on tuberculosis in 100 words atleast.
Answers
1) Monitoring the weight
2) Patients: genetic predisposition, malnutrition
3) Natriuretic of day
4) Awareness of TB among the people
5) Examine the edemas & achieving the pharmaco-epidemiological studies
It is caused by the mycobacterium tuberculosis in any organ of the body but involvement in the extra pulmonary sites like breast, spleen, skeletal muscles is very rare.
Diagnosis of tuberculosis was made by Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology and Ziehl Neelson Staining of the pus in the breast abscess was confirmed on culture by the ultrasound breast and immediately anti-tubercular therapy medication has to be used by the individuals [7].
It is also called as phthisis pulmonalis.It is a wide spread and fatal infectious disease typically attacks the lungs and also other parts of the body. The contamination of the disease occurs through the sneezing, coughing and through the respiratory fluids through the air.
Symptoms of the infection include
1) Chronic cough
2) Fever
3) Night sweats
4) Weight loss
5) Sputum in the blood
6) Fatigue
7) Nail clubbing
Transmission
When people with Tuberculosis in the lung cough, sneeze, sing, spit, speak, they expel the infectious droplets of 0.5 to 5.0 μm in diameter. Each one of the droplets may transmit the disease due to the inhalation of fewer than 10 bacteria may cause an infection as the infectious dose of tuberculosis is very small.A person with active but untreated may infect the 10 to 15 other people per year.
Pathogenesis
Most of the individuals who are affected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis have no symptoms ie asymptomatic. The infection begins when the bacteria reach the pulmonary alveoli of the lung which invades and undergoes replication within endosomes of alveolar macrophages. These macrophages identify the bacteria as foreign microorganisms and they invade by the process known as Phagocytosis. During this, the whole bacteria is enveloped by the macrophages and gets stored in temporary bound membrane known as phagosome.This phagosome gets combined with the lysosome and forms phagolysosome.This attempts to utilize the free radical species of reactive oxygen species and acid in order to kill the bacteria. But the M. Tuberculosis has a thick waxy mycolic acid capsule that protects it from toxic substances and it actually reproduces in the macrophages and later kills the immune cell.
The host immune response against the bacteria immediately after phagocytosis by the macrophages cells and the receptor cells. These cells generate innate immune response and lead to the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines which amplifies anti-microbial activity against the pathogen [8].
It leads the cause of death globally 8.6 million new cases and 1.3 million deaths every year. To enhance the DOTS program, by understanding the reasons for unsuccessful outcomes for the improvement of treatment strategy
In this, pulmonary TB is the most commonly seen in the individuals. Diagnosis of TB in children on the grounds of clinical & radiological findings becomes difficult due to the lack of etiology confirmation.
It can be confirmed by the detection of acid fast bacilli in respiratory specimens. More procedures and measures have to be taken for the diagnosis of disease [10].
Recent studies tells that the persons who are consuming 40grams per day leads to cause more prone to TB [11].More attention should be in the prevention and retreatment cases to avoid social and economic burden of TB as the success rate for treatment is reducing and prevalence of TB has been increasing [12].
Various tests have been using for the treatment of TB. Monteux testing confirms the exposure of the patient to tubercle bacilli. ziehl Nielsen staining by culture gives best result for the appearance of pathogen. PCR is highly sensitive for the treatment of TB [13-16].
Prevention and Diagnosis of the disease can be relies on the;
1) Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccine
2) Radiology
3) Microbial culture
4) Tuberculosis skin test
5) Blood test
Major factors that have involved for new TB drugs include [17-19];
1) Total duration of the treatment has to be reduced.
2) Improvement for the treatment of MDRTB
3) Effective treatment should be provided for the infection.
I think it helps you dear
mark Brien list
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease usually caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs, but can also affect other parts of the body.Most infections do not have symptoms, in which case it is known as latent tuberculosis.About 10% of latent infections progress to active disease which, if left untreated, kills about half of those infected. The classic symptoms of active TB are a chronic cough with blood-containing sputum, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. The historical term "consumption" came about due to the weight loss. Infection of other organs can cause a wide range of symptoms.
Tuberculosis is spread through the air when people who have active TB in their lungs cough, spit, speak, or sneeze. People with latent TB do not spread the disease. Active infection occurs more often in people with HIV/AIDS and in those who smoke.Diagnosis of active TB is based on chest X-rays, as well as microscopic examination and culture of body fluids. Diagnosis of latent TB relies on the tuberculin skin test (TST) or blood tests.
Prevention of TB involves screening those at high risk, early detection and treatment of cases, and vaccination with the bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine. Those at high risk include household, workplace, and social contacts of people with active TB. Treatment requires the use of multiple antibiotics over a long period of time