b) Apart from human’s genome what other organism whole genome sequencing was performed, name at least four organisms? Also write the technique through which scientist found out their whole genome?
Answers
Answer:
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Explanation:
To develop techniques for DNA sequencing, scientists began by sequencing the genomes of small, simple organisms. As techniques improved it became possible to sequence the genomes of more complex organisms, such as the human genome. Now, we have a large catalogue of genomes that have been sequenced that we can study and compare.
1976
Bacteriophage MS2
Bacteriophage MS2
Common name: Bacteriophage MS2
What is it? A single-stranded RNA virus that infects the family of bacteria that includes E. coli?.
Why was it sequenced? This was the first genome to be completely sequenced.
Who sequenced it: Walter Fiers and his team at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology at the University of Ghent, Belgium.
How many bases? 3,569 (one of the smallest genomes known)
How many chromosomes? 1
PhiX174
Common name: PhiX174
Haemophilus influenza
Common name: Haemophilus influenza
Haemophilus influenza
What is it? A non-moving rod-shaped bacterium that causes meningitis.
Why was it sequenced? This was the first bacteria to be sequenced.
Who sequenced it? Craig Venter and his team at The Institute for Genomic Research in Rockville, Maryland, USA.
How many bases? 1.8 million
How many chromosomes? 1 circular chromosome
Homo sapiens
Common name: Human
Homo sapiens
Why was it sequenced? Understanding the human genome will help us to improve human health.
Who sequenced it? The Human Genome Organisation (HUGO) and Celera Genomics.
How many bases? 3.2 billion
How many chromosomes? 23
2002
Mus musculus
Common name: Mouse
Mouse
Why was it sequenced? Over 95 per cent of the mouse genome is similar to our own, so studying it is really useful for discovering more about human health and disease.
Who sequenced it? The Mouse Genome Sequencing Consortium (the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, The Whitehead Center for Genome Research, The Whitehead Center for Genome Research and The Genome Institute at Washington University in St Louis and The Broad Institute at MIT).
How many bases? 3.48 billion
How many chromosomes? 20
Anopheles gambiae
Common name: Mosquito
Mosquito
What is it? It is a flying insect which feeds on the blood of animals.
Why was it sequenced? This species of mosquito is the principal vector of malaria, which kills over 1 million people each year.
Who sequenced it? Celera Genomics, USA and Genoscope, France.
How many bases? 278 million
How many chromosomes? 5
Takifugu rubripes
Common name: Japanese pufferfish, Tiger puffer or Fugu
Pufferfish
What is it? It is a small pufferfish native to Japan.
Why was it sequenced? Comparing other genomes with the pufferfish genome is useful for the study of vertebrate evolution.
Who sequenced it? The International Fugu Genome Consortium headed by the Joint Genome Institute, California, USA, the Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Singapore and the Human Genome Mapping Project (HGMP), Cambridge, UK.
How many bases? 390 million (the smallest known vertebrate genome)
How many chromosomes? 8
Oryza sativa
Common name: Rice
Oryza sativa (rice)
Common name: Rice
What is it? Rice is a staple food for millions of people across the globe.
Why was it sequenced? Rice is one of the most important crops so it is important to understand its genetics.
Who sequenced it? The Beijing Genomics Institute, Zhejiang University and the Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.
How many bases? 374 million
How many chromosomes? 12
2004
Gallus gallus
Common name: Red jungle fowl
Red jungle fowl
What is it? It is a recent ancestor of the domestic chicken.
Why was it sequenced? This is the first egg-laying animal to have its genome sequenced.
Who sequenced it? The International Chicken Genome Sequencing Consortium.
How many bases? 1 billion
How many chromosomes? 78
2005
Pan troglodyte
Common name: Chimpanzee
Chimpanzee
What is it? Chimpanzee is one of the great apes along with gorilla, orangutan, bonobo and human.
Why was it sequenced? It was the first non-human primate genome to be sequenced.
Who sequenced it? The Chimpanzee Genome Project (Broad Institute at MIT and The Genome Institute at Washington University in St Louis).
How many bases? 3.3 billion
Number of chromosomes: 23
2010
Xenopus tropicalis
Common name: Western clawed frog
Xenopus tropicalis
What is it? Is a small frog native to Africa.
Why was it sequenced? Xenopus is a model organism commonly used to study early development.
Who sequenced it? The US Department of Energy’s Joint Genome Institute and the University of California.
How many bases? 1.5 million
Number of chromosomes: 10
2013
Danio rerio
Common name: Zebrafish
Zebrafish
What is it? It is a tropical fish native to southeast Asia.
Why was it sequenced? Zebrafish is a model organism commonly used in research.
Who sequenced it? The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.
How many bases? 1.5 billion
How many chromosomes? 25