B. Change the following sentences from direct speech to indirect speech.
1. He said, “I have got a toothache”. ______________
2. Manu said, “I am very busy now”. ______________
3. “Hurry up,” she said to us. ______________
4. “Give me a cup of water,” he told her. ______________
5. She said, “I am going to college”. ______________
6. She said to me, “Thank you”. ______________
7. Raju said, “Gautam must go tomorrow”. ______________
8. Geetha says, “My father is an Engineer”. ______________
9. He said, “I have passed the physical test”. ______________
10. She said to me, “You are my only friend”. ______________
11. ‘I love you,’ he told me ______________
12. ‘Where are you going?’ Pawan asked Maya ______________
Answers
Answer:
Specific Refraction. a parameter characterizing the electronic polarizability of a unit mass of a substance in the high-frequency electromagnetic field of a light wave. The specific refraction r of a substance is equal to the substance's molecular refraction R divided by its molecular weight M.
When we do not quote the exact words of a speaker while we report what he said – it is known as reported speech.
There are two parts of speech – Reported Verb (R.V.) and Reported Speech (R.S)
She says, “I like gold fish.
(R.V.) (R. S.)
The sentence in the question tag is called Direct speech. The sentence without the question tag is called Indirect speech. When the Reporting verb is in present tense or future tense then there will be no change in reporting speech except change of pronouns, place and time of expression.
Examples:
He says, “I write poems.”
He says that he writes poems.
While converting Direct into Indirect speech pronouns, tenses, place and time expression are to be considered.
To convert Direct speech into Indirect ‘that’ conjunction is used to join the reported verb to reported speech.
The pronouns of the direct speech are changed to indicate the relations with reporter and the listener. Formula for converting pronouns of Direct speech into indirect speech
If RS is in first person it shall be changed according to the subject of the RV.
If RS is in second person it shall be changed according to the object of the RV.
If RS is in third person then there will be a no change.
Example:
Often, the reporting happens later in time and sometimes at a different place from that in the direct speech. That’s why when we report sentences in indirect speech, the words denoting places nearby or recent time are changed to make them more distant.
Example:
Toto said, “Meena is standing here right now.”
Toto said that Meena was standing there at that time.
Direct speech Indirect speech
now then, at that time
tonight that night
this that
these those
yesterday the previous day
here there
ten minutes ago ten minutes before
tomorrow the next day, the following day
last night/week/month/year the previous night/week/month/year
If the Reported Verb is in Past tense (said, told instead of say, tell) then the tense in the reporting speech changes accordingly.
Examples: of the main changes in tense:
Direct Speech Reported Speech
Simple Present:
He said, “I am happy.” Simple Past:
He said that he was happy.
Present Progressive:
He said, “I’m looking for my keys.” Past Progressive:
He said that he was looking for his keys.
Simple Past:
He said, “I visited New York last year.” Past Perfect Simple:
He said that he had visited New York the previous year.
Present Perfect:
He said, “I’ve lived here for a long time.” Past Perfect:
He said that he had lived there for a long time.
Past Perfect:
He said, “They had finished the work when I arrived.” Past Perfect:
He said that they had finished the work when he had arrived.”
Past Progressive:
He said, “I was playing football when the accident occurred.” Past Perfect Progressive:
He said that he had been playing football when the accident had occurred.
Present Perfect Progressive:
He said, I have been playing football for two hours.” Past Perfect Progressive:
He said that he had been playing football for two hours.
Past Perfect Progressive:
He said, “I had been reading a newspaper when the light went off.” Past Perfect Progressive:
He said that he had been reading a newspaper when the light had gone off.