b) Explain the term binary digit. How binary number system is different from decimal number system? How do you represent a computer instruction in binary? Explain with the help of an example. List and explain the role of various components of a computer instruction. What is the role of bus and registers in instruction execution?
Answers
Answer:
binary 01010101010 using only these digits
decimal to sabko pata hai
Explanation:
there are different sets like 4bit 32 bit 64 bit 128 bit
in bits ki limite ke andar computer codes samajhta hai jaise hamare liye decimal no. system hai usse define nahi karna padta wo universal truth hai usi prakar comp ke liye bimari bhi hai
Answer:
This chapter covers the basic foundation concepts needed to build upon in this course. Specifically we will look at number representation, digital logic, embedded system components, and computer architecture: the Central Processing Unit (Arithmetic Logic Unit, Control Unit and Registers), the memory and the Instruction Set Architecture (ISA).
Learning Objectives:
Understand the binary number system, hexadecimal representation and the representation of signed and unsigned integers.
Learn what an Embedded System is.
Know the terms: microcontroller (CPU, Busses, Memory, I/O ports)
Learn the composition of a CPU.
Know the terms: Arithmetic Logic Unit, Control Unit, Registers, Bus, Von Neumann, Harvard
Learn the memory map
See some of the Cortex M instruction set.
Video 2.0. Introduction, Examples of Embedded Systems
2.0. Introduction
complex, so have the capabilities of the microcontrollers embedded into our devices. The ARM® Cortex™-M family represents a new class of microcontroll
An embedded system is a system that performs a specific task and has a computer embedded inside. A system is comprised of components and interfaces connected together for a common purpose. This class is an introduction to embedded systems. Specific topics include microcontrollers, fixed-point numbers, the design of software in C, elementary data structures, programming input/output including interrupts, analog to digital conversion, digital to analog conversion.
In general, the area of embedded systems is an important and growing discipline within electrical and computer engineering. In the past, the educational market of embedded systems has been dominated by simple microcontrollers like the PIC, the 9S12, and the 8051. This is because of their market share, low cost, and historical dominance. However, as problems become more complex, so must the systems that solve them. A number of embedded system paradigms must shift in order to accommodate this growth in complexity. First, the number of calculations per second will increase from millions/sec to billions/sec. Similarly, the number of lines of software code will also increase from thousands to millions. Thirdly, systems will involve multiple microcontrollers supporting many simultaneous operations. Lastly, the need for system verification will continue to grow as these systems are deployed into safety critical applications. These changes are more than a simple growth in size and bandwidth. These systems must employ parallel programming, high-speed synchronization, real-time operating systems, fault tolerant design, priority interrupt handling, and networking. Consequently, it will be important to provide our students with these types of design experiences. The ARM platform is both low cost and provides the high-performance features required in future embedded systems. In addition, the ARM market share is large and will continue to grow. As of July 2013, ARM reports that over 35 billion ARM processors have been shipped from over 950 companies. Furthermore, students trained on the ARM will be equipped to design systems across the complete spectrum from simple to complex. The purpose of this course is to bring engineering education into the 21st century.
2.1. Binary number systems
To solve problems using a computer we need to understand numbers and what they mean. Each digit in a decimal number has a place and a value. The place is a power of 10 and the value is selected from the set {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}. A decimal number is simply a combination of its digits multiplied by powers of 10. For example
1984 = 1•103 + 9•102 + 8•101 + 4•100
Fractional values can be represented by using the negative powers of 10. For example,
273.15 = 2•102 + 7•101 + 3•100 + 1•10-1 + 5•10-2
In a similar manner, each digit in a binary number has a place and a value. In binary numbers, the place is a power of 2, and the value is selected from the set {0, 1}. A binary number is simply a combination of its digits multiplied by powers of 2. To eliminate confusion between decimal numbers and binary numbers, we will put a subscript 2 after the number to mean binary. Because of the way the microcontroller operates, most of the binary numbers in this class will have 8, 16, or 32 bits. An 8-bit number is called a byte, and a 16-bit number is called a halfword. For example, the 8-bit binary number for 106 is
011010102 = 0•27 + 1•26 + 1•25 + 0•24 + 1•23 + 0•22 + 1•21 + 0•20 = 64+32+8+2 = 106
Explanation: