b) Why don't worker bees have reproductive organs in their abdomen ?
Answers
Answer:Well, they do, indirectly.
Bees have a haplodiploidy sex determination. Females are diploid (2n) and males are haploid (n).
The diploid (2n) female queen produces haploid (n) eggs by meiosis. Meiosis involves random crossing over, so, no two eggs are alike.
The haploid (n) male drone produces haploid (n) sperm by mitosis. Therefore, all sperm are identical.
Fertilized eggs develop into diploid (2n) female workers having suppressed reproduction.
Unfertilized eggs develop into haploid (n) male drones.
There is only one queen to produce eggs, and very few drones to donate sperm.
All female workers are offpring of the same queen, and are fathered by these few drones.
All sperm produced by a haploid (n) drone is identical. Therefore, offspring fathered by the same drone share the 50% of their genes with each other because each recieved identical sperm.
This is true because drones are haploid (n) and produce identical sperm by mitosis.
They also share, on average, another 25% of their genes with each other, having come from their mother. This is true because the queen is diploid (2n) and produces eggs by meiosis. Because of random crossing over, no two eggs are alike, and siblings therefore can share a variable amount from their mother, anywhere from 0% to 50% with average being 25%.
So, these diploid (2n) non-reproductive female worker siblings share, on average, 75% of their genes with each other — 50% from their father (if from the same drone), and 25%, on average, from their mother.
Because there are so few drones fatheing offspring, the likelyhood that female workers have the same father is high. Females of different drones compete to influence whose offspring will become the next queeb. In doing so, they increase their own fittness.
In species having both a diploid (2n) mother and father, siblings only share 50% of the genes on average — 25% from each parent on average.
So, because diploid (2n) female sibling workers share 75% of the genes with each other, their fitness is increased if they support the production of more siblings, rather than directly producing offspring themselves. This is true because parents share only 50% of their genes with their offspring.
In haplodiplody, female siblings share 75% of their genes with each other because their father is haploid (n) donating identical sperm to each offspring.
If the drone was diploid (2n), producing sperm by meiosis, offspring would only share 25% of their genes from their father on average. But because the father is haploid (n), offspring share exactly 50% of their genes from their father.
The mother is diploid (2n), so, offspring share, on average, 25% from her, making the total genes shared by siblings 75% in a haplodiplody system.
Finally, the sterile female offspring are not the slave workers of the queen. Rather, the queen is the reproductive slave her offspring.
However, the queen can sometimes get the upper hand by mating with more than one drone, somewhat dividing the workers so that they all don’t share such a high percentage with each other. Of course the workers try to prevent this.
It is a very complicated and interesting reproductive system.
Explanation:
Answer:
Worker bees are generally unable to mate, but are capable of laying unfertilized eggs which can develop into male offspring. To assure dominance over reproduction the Queen often selectively eats any worker laid eggs. To demonstrate this conflict the team studied the genotypes of worker and queen bees from 45 colonies.
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