(b) Write the following are which type of data types.
323, 'c',“police”
Answers
Answer:
Indian civilization is one of the most ancient civilizations of the world, and so are
its various systems and sub systems. Accordingly, the Indian Police has a long past
and has reached its present state passing through various social, political and cultural
vicissitudes. The existing police system in India appears to be a unique and peculiar
amalgam of various features of Ancient, Mughal and British police and policing
systems. The present police system structurally and functionally owes its existing to
the various Acts and Enactments promulgated by the colonial rulers. The Indian
Police Act, 1861 is the basic foundation of the present day Indian Police. It is,
therefore, correctly said that the present day Indian Police System, in the
contemporary contexts, has become old, archaic and out-dated. There is an urgent
need to replace this system. The Hon'ble Supreme Court of India, has therefore, issued
directions to the Central Government and the State Governments to enact new Police
Acts. Consequently, a Model Police Act, has been formulated and circulated to the
various State Governments, and the State governments are preparing to enact new
Police Acts for their respective police organizations.
Features of the Indian Police
2. The State List : Police in India primarily belong to the State List of the
Constitution and, therefore, police, policing and various police matters basically fall
into the jurisdiction of the respective State governments. Police organizations are
identified by the name of the State to which they belong, and even their
nomenclatures are given after the names of the respective States, i.e. Rajasthan Police,
Assam Police, Bihar Police, Kerala Police etc.,etc.
2.1 Concurrent List : The police are organized, maintained and directed by the
States of the Indian Union. The Indian Police System is horizontally stratified like military forces and is organized into various cadres. The police in each State are
divided vertically into armed and unarmed branches.
2.2 The CPOs : There is no concept of federal police in India, though, the Central
Government maintains various Central Police Organisations (CPOs). The CPOs are
mostly Para-military in nature and are assigned specific nature of duties which are
peculiar and specific to their operations and functioning. The CPOs do not discharge
duties of civil police, but they help and assist the State Governments in exceptional
cases.
2.3 The Common Parameters and the Specificity : There are quite a number of
structural, functional and operational parameters, which are common to all police
organizations of the country indicating the element of universality of the Indian
Police. However, there are some aspects, which are specific and peculiar to each State
police organization, which establish its individual existence rendering it independent
and autonomous.
Ailments & Paradoxes
3. The Police in India suffer with a variety of organizational, procedural, personnel
and behavioural ailments and paradoxes. Efforts have been made to identify these
ailments and paradoxes for evolving remedial measures to remove them. Various
Committees and Commissions, at the State and Central levels, have been set up from
time to time in these contexts. Some of the ailments and paradoxes revealed through
these efforts are narrated below:
i. Colonial Stigma : In spite of their functioning in a democratic set up for more
than six decades, the Indian police have not been able to wipe off the colonial
stigma attached to them.
ii. Old and Archaic Blue Books : The operational and functional Blue-Books
(IPC, CrPC, Evidence Acts) and even the Indian Police Act, are basically
colonial in nature and in the contemporary policing contexts. Some of the
provisions have become old, archaic and out dated.