bacteria present in digestive tract used for
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Enzymes produced by intestinal bacteria are important in the metabolism of several vitamins. The intestinal microflora synthesizes vitamin K, which is a necessary cofactor in the production of prothrombin and other blood clotting factors. Treatment with antibiotics, particularly in individuals eating a diet low in vitamin K, can result in low plasma prothrombin levels and a tendency to bleed. Intestinal bacteria also synthesize biotin, vitamin B12, folic acid, and thiamine.
The intestinal flora is capable of fermenting indigestible carbohydrates (dietary fiber) to short-chain fatty acids such as acetate, propionate, and butyrate. The major source of such fermentable carbohydrate in the human colon is plant cell wall polysaccharides such as pectins, cellulose, and hemicellulose. The acids produced from these fiber substrates by bacteria can be an important energy source for the host.
Some people are deficient in intestinal lactase, the mucosal enzyme responsible for hydrolyzing the disaccharide lactose in milk. In these individuals, lactose is not adequately digested and absorbed in the intestine. Lactose that reaches the large bowel undergoes vigorous bacterial fermentation. The result can be distention, flatus, and diarrhea.
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