Balban took important measures to ensure impartiality in the administration ________
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There is to mistake in writing
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I didn't understand the question
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hi
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IV. Consolidation of Muslim Rule in the North
*Balban's Administration*
[[55]] THE SULTANATE of Delhi suffered grievously in the ten years following the death of Iltutmish. The Mongols who had been hovering on the frontier grew bolder, and in 1241 sacked Lahore. They harried Multan, Sind, and central Punjab, and were in virtual control of this area for a number of years. In the east, Bengal and Bihar became independent. To the south of Delhi, the Hindus began to reassert themselves, and the Muslims lost many important strongholds which had been captured in the days of Aibak and Iltutmish. Gwalior and Ranthambhor were abandoned during Raziyya's reign. Now, even in areas nearer to the capital such as Katehar (modern Rohilkhand) and the Doab, Hindu resistance was intensified.
Not less important than these material losses were the fissures and weaknesses displayed by the administrative structure built up by Iltutmish. The lines on which he had organized the new government required for their success a man of great ability, wisdom, and resourcefulness, but as he had feared, there was nobody equal to the task in his family. In the scramble for power which followed his death, Tajiks were pitted against Turks, the nobility was at loggerheads with the king, and the conflicting ambitions of the individual nobles prevented any united action.
Balban's Administration
With the accession of Nasir-ud-din in 1246 this period of acute conflict ended, but it was not due to the ruler's abilities. The real power was in the hands of Balban, who had been largely instrumental in bringing him to the throne. Although Balban did not actually become sultan until 1265, the whole period from 1246 to 1287—including the years of Nasir's rule and his own—may well be designated [[56]] the "Balban Era." A member of a noble family of the Ilbari Turks, Ghiyas-ud-din Balban had been captured during the turmoil that followed the Mongol invasions of Central Asia and sold as a slave in Baghdad. He was taken to Delhi in 1232, where he was purchased by Iltutmish to serve as a personal attendant. He became chief huntsman, commander of the cavalry, and, after Iltutmish's death, lord chamberlain.
Balban's ascendancy over the sultan was challenged, most notably in 1253 when Imad-ud-din Raihan made an attempt to oust him. This particular episode is of special interest, as Raihan was an Indian convert to Islam, and seems to have rallied the non-Turkish element in the court to his support. Balban was saved by the Turkish governors of the provinces, who rallied to his side. Balban maintained his position in the sultan's government until 1265, when, on Nasir-ud-din's death, he added the formal title of sultan to the power he had held for twenty years.
Balban's work, both before and after he became sultan, involved not only the defense of the country against foreign aggression and internal dangers, but also a reorganization of the administration with the aim of increasing its effectiveness. Iltutmish had organized the administration in the newly conquered territories as a decentralized system in which the fiefholders enjoyed wide power, and high nobles were treated almost as peers of the king. A pious Muslim, disdaining show, he had not sought to assert royal superiority over the nobility. The disturbed conditions which followed his death, marked by a struggle between king and nobility, showed the dangers inherent in this attitude. His successor, Nasir-ud-din Mahmud, had lived an unassuming life, leaving real power with the deputy. Balban's attitude, however, was completely different. Influenced by the Iranian theory of kingship, and noting the anarchy which prevailed after the death of Iltutmish, he proceeded to raise the royal status far above that of the nobles. He used to say that next to prophethood, the highest office was that of kingship, and that the ruler who did not maintain the dignity of his office failed to perform his functions properly, and his subjects, resorting to insubordination, would fall prey to crime.